中国线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作的诊治专家共识
中华神经科杂志, 2020,53(03) : 171-178. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1006-7876.2020.03.003

线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes,MELAS)是一种由线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)或核DNA(nuclear DNA,nDNA)突变导致的多系统代谢性疾病[1,2],以卒中样发作、癫痫发作、认知与精神障碍、高乳酸血症、肌肉疲劳无力为主要临床特点。约80%的MELAS患者由mtDNA3243A>G突变引起[3,4],其次是mtDNA13513G>A突变[5,6],其他mtDNA或nDNA突变所致相对少见。基因突变导致线粒体呼吸链酶复合体蛋白功能缺陷,尤其是酶复合体Ⅰ和Ⅳ的活性下降,进而引发线粒体功能障碍,导致三磷酸腺苷生成减少、氧自由基增多和乳酸堆积。在能量需求高的器官或组织(脑、心肌、骨骼肌)更易出现损害。脑的主要病理改变为受累大脑皮质出现假分层样坏死,伴随微小血管增生。肌肉活体组织检查(简称活检)在改良Gomori三色染色可见不整红边肌纤维,在琥珀色脱氢酶染色可见破碎蓝染肌纤维和深染的小血管。

2015年中华医学会神经病学分会制定了《中国神经系统线粒体病诊治指南》[7],对多种线粒体病进行了综合介绍。MELAS作为最常见的线粒体病类型之一,其临床、病理特点和治疗策略具有一定的特殊性。近年来随着国内同行对该病认识程度的提高,我国也发表了许多MELAS的相关研究结果[1,8,9,10,11,12]。为规范该病的诊治,结合国内外对该病的研究进展,我们特此撰写中国MELAS的诊治专家共识。

一、临床表现

MELAS患者发病年龄跨度很大,从幼年到老年的任何年龄均可发病,发病高峰年龄在10~30岁,40岁以后首次发病的晚发成年型MELAS偶有报道[1,13,14,15]

1.卒中样发作:

为该病核心症状,可出现在所有患者的任何病程阶段。急性起病,发病越早,病情越严重[1]。主要表现为偏盲或皮质盲、癫痫发作、头痛、精神症状、失语和轻偏瘫等[1,9],上述症状可以相继或同时出现,卒中样发作数天后症状逐渐缓解,部分患者可以完全恢复。但随着发作次数增加,神经系统功能障碍逐次叠加而出现不同程度的残疾。

2.癫痫:

是该病主要症状之一,出现在90%的患者[9,12,16],在卒中样发作期或发作间期均可以出现。同一个患者可有多种癫痫发作形式,其中单纯部分性发作伴或不伴继发全面性发作最常见[12,16]。部分患者出现多种类型的癫痫持续状态[1]

3.认知与精神障碍:

是该病常见症状之一,出现在70%~90%的患者。认知障碍以记忆和理解力减退为主,记忆力以工作记忆下降更明显,伴随词语流畅性下降以及视空间障碍。精神症状主要表现为幻听、幻视、偏执和躁狂等。认知与精神障碍随卒中样发作出现阶梯性加重,在发作缓解期也缓慢进行性发展[17,18]

4.头痛:

是该病常见症状之一,出现在54%~91%的患者,也可以是该病的首发症状,常出现在卒中样发作期,以典型偏头痛或无视觉先兆的普通型偏头痛为主[13,19]

5.运动不耐受和(或)肌无力:

是该病常见症状之一。出现在73%~89%的患者[1,13]。运动不耐受可以是MELAS的首发症状,尤其是儿童患者,常伴随心率加快和呼吸急促。少数患者出现四肢近端无力,个别患者出现眼睑下垂、眼外肌瘫痪,偶见呼吸肌受累[20]

6.感音神经性耳聋:

是该病常见症状,出现在75%的患者[21],常起病隐袭,可以是MELAS的首发症状,多为双侧,主要影响高频听力[22,23],随着年龄的增长呈进行性加重。

7.周围神经病:

是该病较为常见症状之一,出现在20%~50%的患者[24,25,26],年长以及男性患者更易出现,表现为长度依赖性感觉或感觉运动性神经病,肢体远端的感觉异常以深感觉受累为主,出现感觉性共济失调,伴随腱反射消失。

8.胃肠功能障碍:

是较为常见症状之一,出现在60%的患者,主要表现为纳差、腹胀及便秘[27,28],严重患者合并假性肠梗阻,出现反复发作的呕吐和腹痛症状。

9.其他表现:

部分患者身材矮小/生长发育迟滞[1,29]。部分患者伴随1型或2型糖尿病[30]。少数患者伴随甲状腺激素、甲状旁腺激素、生长激素等激素水平下降等内分泌异常。许多儿童或青少年患者出现体毛增多,也偶见其他皮肤损害[31,32]。少数患者出现扩张性或肥厚性心肌病、Wolff-Parkinson-White综合征和心脏传导阻滞[5,29,33]。少数患者出现局灶性节段性肾小球硬化[34]以及Toni-Debre-Fanconi综合征等[35]。少数患者出现视网膜色素变性和视神经萎缩。

10.叠加综合征:

个别患者合并出现其他类型的线粒体病综合征[36,37],如MELAS-肌阵挛癫痫伴不整红边纤维、MELAS-Kearns-Sayre综合征、MELAS-Leigh病叠加综合征等。

二、家族史

MELAS患者多为母系遗传,散发患者也不少见。但在母系遗传的同一家系中,不同患者的临床表现可以有显著的异质性,如部分患者的母亲仅表现为糖尿病、耳聋或身材矮小。

三、辅助检查

出现上述临床表现的患者,特别是脑病患者叠加脑外损害症状,或者存在家族史,应当考虑进行下列检查,以确定诊断。

1.头颅影像学:

MELAS影像学有其特征性改变。卒中样发作期头颅CT显示大脑的颞、顶、枕叶皮质和临近皮质下低密度病灶,少数患者累及双侧大脑半球。可以合并双侧基底节钙化[38]。头颅MRI显示病灶位于皮质和皮质下,呈长T1、长T2异常信号,枕叶和颞叶最容易受累,病灶不符合颅内单支大动脉流域分布。卒中样发作急性期病灶弥散加权成像(DWI)多弥散受限,皮质受累尤为明显,呈现类花边征样改变(图1)。病灶具有进展性、可逆性、多发性以及呈现"此消彼长"的"游走性"特点[39,40],卒中样发作之后常遗留局部脑萎缩、局部脑室扩大及皮质下白质异常信号。头颅MRI波谱分析显示病灶部位和脑室内脑脊液出现高乳酸峰。

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图1
线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)患者影像学改变。A:1例患者头颅CT见基底节为主的钙化;B~D:另一例患者头颅磁共振成像显示MELAS卒中样发作的脑病变:右侧颞枕叶皮质和皮质下病变为发作急性期病灶,呈长T2信号、弥散加权成像高信号(长箭头),左侧颞枕叶病变伴随萎缩(短箭头);E~F:与B~D同一例患者磁共振波谱成像可见病灶区高乳酸峰(箭头)
Figure 1
Imagings of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes patient. A: Cranial CT showed calcification predominantly in basal ganglia in one patient; B-D: Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed brain lesions in another patient with stroke-like episodes. The cortex and subcortical lesions in right temporal and occipital lobes in acute stage were found with high T2 signal and diffusion weighted imaging signal (long arrows), and the left temporal and occipital lobe lesions with focal atrophy (short arrows); E-F: Magnetic resonance spectrosoopy showed high lactic acid peak in the focal area in the same patient of B-D (arrow)
图1
线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)患者影像学改变。A:1例患者头颅CT见基底节为主的钙化;B~D:另一例患者头颅磁共振成像显示MELAS卒中样发作的脑病变:右侧颞枕叶皮质和皮质下病变为发作急性期病灶,呈长T2信号、弥散加权成像高信号(长箭头),左侧颞枕叶病变伴随萎缩(短箭头);E~F:与B~D同一例患者磁共振波谱成像可见病灶区高乳酸峰(箭头)
Figure 1
Imagings of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes patient. A: Cranial CT showed calcification predominantly in basal ganglia in one patient; B-D: Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed brain lesions in another patient with stroke-like episodes. The cortex and subcortical lesions in right temporal and occipital lobes in acute stage were found with high T2 signal and diffusion weighted imaging signal (long arrows), and the left temporal and occipital lobe lesions with focal atrophy (short arrows); E-F: Magnetic resonance spectrosoopy showed high lactic acid peak in the focal area in the same patient of B-D (arrow)
2.基因检测:

拟诊MELAS的患者可行基因检测进一步确诊,阳性率可达95%以上。可以先筛查中国MELAS患者的热点突变,如mtDNA3243A>G、13513G>A及3271T>C等变异位点[4],或者进行mtDNA全长测序和(或)相关核基因检查。mtDNA变异率在不同组织存在显著差异,尤其在成人中,肌肉组织、尿沉渣细胞和毛囊较外周血细胞具有更高的阳性率[36,41]。少数临床病理确诊的典型MELAS患者,行线粒体基因和核基因分析仍然找不到致病性突变。

3.肌肉活检:

基因检查未发现致病变异者或为明确是否存在肌肉病时需要做该检查,阳性率可达到95%以上,个别患者亦可能并无明显肌肉病理改变[42]。骨骼肌活检冰冻切片的典型病理改变是改良Gomori三色染色可见不整红边纤维,琥珀酸脱氢酶染色可见破碎蓝染肌纤维和(或)深染的小血管。在细胞色素C氧化酶染色显示酶活性缺乏或增加(图2)。电镜下可见肌纤维内或小血管内皮细胞/平滑肌细胞内异常线粒体增多或聚集,线粒体内可见类结晶包涵体[43]

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图2
线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)患者肌肉活体组织检查病理结果。A: HE染色可见嗜碱性颗粒沉积肌纤维(箭头);B:改良Gomori染色见不整红边纤维(箭头);C:油红O染色可见不整红边纤维内脂肪滴轻中度增多(箭头);D:琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)染色见破碎蓝纤维(箭头);E: SDH-环氧化酶双染色见部分大多数不整红边纤维呈环氧化酶阴性(长箭头),个别不整红边纤维呈环氧化酶深染(短箭头);F: SDH染色见深染小血管(箭头)
Figure 2
Myopathology in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes patient. A: Basophilic granule in muscle fibers (arrows); B: Modified Gomori staining showed ragged red fibers (arrows); C: Oil red O staining showed mild increase of fat droplets in ragged red fiber (arrows); D: Succinate dehydrogenase staining showed ragged blue fiber (arrows); E: Succinate dehydrogenase-cyclooxygenase double staining showed that most of the ragged red fiber was cyclooxygenase negative (long arrow), and others were cyclooxygenase deep stained (short arrow); F: Succinate dehydrogenase staining showed stark staining of small vessels (arrow)
图2
线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)患者肌肉活体组织检查病理结果。A: HE染色可见嗜碱性颗粒沉积肌纤维(箭头);B:改良Gomori染色见不整红边纤维(箭头);C:油红O染色可见不整红边纤维内脂肪滴轻中度增多(箭头);D:琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)染色见破碎蓝纤维(箭头);E: SDH-环氧化酶双染色见部分大多数不整红边纤维呈环氧化酶阴性(长箭头),个别不整红边纤维呈环氧化酶深染(短箭头);F: SDH染色见深染小血管(箭头)
Figure 2
Myopathology in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes patient. A: Basophilic granule in muscle fibers (arrows); B: Modified Gomori staining showed ragged red fibers (arrows); C: Oil red O staining showed mild increase of fat droplets in ragged red fiber (arrows); D: Succinate dehydrogenase staining showed ragged blue fiber (arrows); E: Succinate dehydrogenase-cyclooxygenase double staining showed that most of the ragged red fiber was cyclooxygenase negative (long arrow), and others were cyclooxygenase deep stained (short arrow); F: Succinate dehydrogenase staining showed stark staining of small vessels (arrow)
4.生化测定:

可以支持诊断。患者血清肌酸激酶正常或增高,肌酸激酶/乳酸脱氢酶比例倒置[44],血和脑脊液乳酸升高(静息空腹状态下≥2 mmol/L或180 mg/L)。用新鲜活检组织或培养的皮肤成纤维细胞测定线粒体酶复合体活性,可见发现多数为复合体Ⅰ活性降低,特别对肌肉活检阴性患者具有诊断提示价值。

5.电生理检查:

可协助确定是否存在多系统损害。脑电图可显示癫痫发作期以及发作间期背景活动减慢或痫样放电[45,46]。针极肌电图在少数患者出现肌源性损害或神经源性损害;神经传导速度检测在少数患者出现感觉或感觉运动神经轴索性损害[26]。电测听和脑干听觉诱发电位检查发现多数患者存在听力受损,以高频损害为主[22]。心电图检查在部分患者发现心脏传导阻滞或预激综合征、左室高电压[47,48]

四、诊断和鉴别诊断

根据MELAS的临床特点和影像学特征可以提出临床拟诊,发现mtDNA或nDNA基因致病变异和肌肉活检发现线粒体肌病的典型病理改变是诊断MELAS的"金标准"(表1[15,33,49,50]。仅出现相关基因变异而无任何临床表现者,为基因变异无症状携带者[51];MELAS患者初期可仅表现为癫痫、糖尿病、耳聋、心肌病、肾脏病、肌病等单一器官受累的症状和体征,需要随访观察是否发展为MELAS。

点击查看表格
表1

线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作诊断标准[15, 33, 49,50]

Table 1

Diagnostic criteria for mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes[15,33,49,50]

表1

线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作诊断标准[15, 33, 49,50]

Table 1

Diagnostic criteria for mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes[15,33,49,50]

A:核心证据
  1.有卒中样发作a
  2.颅脑影像学显示局限于皮质和(或)皮质下、不符合单一血管支配的病灶,随访复查病灶可完全或部分可逆
B:支持证据
  1.以下临床表现至少满足1条:认知/精神障碍、癫痫发作、感觉神经性耳聋、糖尿病、身材矮小、毛发异常、运动不耐受、胃肠功能障碍、心肌病/心脏传导异常、肾病等
  2.血/脑脊液乳酸显著增高或磁共振波谱成像显示病灶/脑脊液乳酸峰
  3. ≥2次卒中样发作
  4.家系成员临床表现为1种或多种B(支持证据)下第1项,且符合母系遗传
C:确诊证据
  1.骨骼肌活体组织检查病理发现线粒体异常的证据:即改良Gomori三色染色发现不整红边纤维b,和(或)琥珀酸脱氢酶染色发现琥珀酸脱氢酶活性异常肌纤维和(或)琥珀酸脱氢酶深染的小血管,或电镜发现异常线粒体
  2.基因检测检出明确的线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作相关的线粒体DNA或核DNA致病突变

注:a包括头痛伴或不伴呕吐、癫痫发作、偏盲或皮质盲、失语、偏身感觉障碍或偏瘫;b不整红边纤维>2%;确诊线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作:A(至少1项)+C(至少1项);很可能线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作:A(至少1项)+B(至少2项);可能线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作:A(至少1项)+B(至少1项);疑诊线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作: A(2项均符合)

MELAS的鉴别诊断主要包括具有类似临床和影像学改变的疾病,在没有进行基因检查和肌肉活检前需要排除脑小血管炎、心源性脑栓塞、大脑皮质静脉血栓形成、病毒性脑炎、自身免疫性脑炎、甲基丙二酸血症、高氨血症、癫痫后脑部MRI可逆性信号改变、可逆性后部脑病综合征等。在鉴别诊断中应当依据医疗经济学原则结合疾病危重程度安排针对性辅助检查。

五、治疗和护理

该病需要多学科的联合管理。治疗原则为通过药物、饮食调节和运动管理等改善或纠正不正常的病理和生理过程,及时治疗各个系统的损害以及预防各种并发症。其中饮食调节、运动管理预防和并发症最为重要,需要培训患者的亲属/照料者掌握如何护理。由于主要死亡原因是卒中样发作和癫痫持续状态[1],这两个症状的管理是重点。

1.综合管理:

在日常生活中保持能量代谢的均衡和连续,防止能量代谢危象的发生,既要避免饥饿导致能量的缺乏,也要避免精神刺激、过度劳累、熬夜、感染导致能量消耗增加。在消化功能异常、腹泻或感冒不能正常进食时需及时静脉补充能量。保证充足的睡眠。在一日三餐之间适当增加蛋白的摄入,在非饥饿状态进行轻到中量的有氧锻炼可以增加肌肉力量。生酮饮食对难治性癫痫可能有效。及时治疗影响生活质量的其他系统损害。发生糖尿病的患者需要及时加用降糖药物和胰岛素,耳聋的患者及时植入人工耳蜗或佩戴助听器可以改善听力。

2.基础药物治疗:

药物治疗是否有效目前缺乏循证医学证据。长期选择服用下列药物可能有益,包括核黄素、辅酶Q10、艾地苯醌、维生素E、硫辛酸、维生素C、谷胱甘肽、左旋肉碱、天冬氨酸、维生素B1、亚叶酸、牛磺酸[50,52,53]。其中辅酶Q10和艾地苯醌的最大剂量均为10 mg·kg-1·d-1、L-精氨酸的剂量为0.15~0.50 g·kg-1·d-1[54,55]、牛磺酸为9 g/d[52]

3.主要症状的处理:

(1)卒中样发作:静脉注射L-精氨酸的最大剂量为0.5 g·kg-1·d-1,可维持滴注3~7 d后改为口服[54,55,56,57,58,59],使用时需要检测患者的生命体征及肝、肾功能,在40岁以上患者还应密切监测血气和血压。病灶大、水肿重可短期使用糖皮质激素及甘油果糖等脱水药物[60]。也可短期使用依达拉奉、α-硫辛酸等自由基清除剂[60,61]。(2)癫痫发作:首选左乙拉西坦、拉莫三嗪和苯二氮类药物[16,62],在卒中样发作期尤应注意癫痫的控制。早发病患者常难治而需要两种抗癫痫药物[16]。对有明显呼吸肌受累的患者尽量避免使用苯二氮类药物。(3)认知与精神障碍:多奈哌齐、加兰他敏及美金刚对部分患者有效。精神异常可以使用奥氮平。焦虑抑郁障碍可使用选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂或三环类抗抑郁药。严重精神障碍患者请专科医师协助治疗。(4)偏头痛:辅酶Q10、艾地苯醌有效。钙离子拮抗剂,如氟桂利嗪在大多数患者可有效预防偏头痛发作。避免使用曲普坦类药物[63]

4.避免使用的药物:

许多药物可能影响线粒体功能,使用中应当慎重[64],包括导致影响mtDNA复制的异环磷酰胺、卡铂、拉米夫定、替比夫定和齐多夫定、干扰素、卡维地洛、布比卡因、阿替卡因、吩噻嗪等;抑制非竞争性三磷酸腺苷酶的β阻滞剂;抑制呼吸链电子传递的乙酰水杨酸、七氟醚;抑制内源性辅酶Q合成的他汀类药物;抑制脂肪酸β氧化的四环素、胺碘酮;降低线粒体蛋白合成及减少线粒体的数量的苯巴比妥、氯霉素;降低肉碱水平及降低呼吸链酶复合体活性的阿霉素、丙戊酸钠;导致乳酸酸中毒的双胍类药物及利奈唑胺。但上述药物并非对所有线粒体病患者都有害,在临床使用时应综合权衡药物的药效、不良反应和性价比,并结合患者的具体病情个体化治疗,可以在综合评判的前提下谨慎地使用这些药物,一旦发生不良反应,立即停用。

六、遗传咨询

当MELAS的基因变异位于核DNA时,遵从孟德尔遗传规律,其遗传咨询同其他单基因病相同。当MELAS的基因变异位于mtDNA时,遵从母系遗传规律。由于含有不同突变负荷的mt在女性生殖细胞内分布是随机的,对携带致病突变的妊娠女性,胎儿携带变异mtDNA的比率难以确定,产前诊断仍存在很大难度[51]

一般认为,对于母亲携带突变比例较低者,可以通过母孕中早期的产前诊断评估胎儿的突变比例并结合突变比例与疾病的相关性,给予一定的咨询建议作为参考,也可以通过植入前诊断挑选未见突变或突变比例很低的胚胎植入;对于母亲携带率较高或纯质性突变者,可以通过供卵的方式进行生育或线粒体移植(mitochondrial donation)的体外生殖方式防止突变的线粒体传递[65]。线粒体移植是将携带mtDNA突变的卵细胞或受精卵的细胞核,移植到去除细胞核的捐赠卵细胞内,从而保留了来自双亲的细胞核遗传物质,而突变的线粒体基因被去除。这种方法对mtDNA突变引起的线粒体病预防有良好的应用前景,但是该方法还有伦理学上的限制,而且对于胎儿远期的健康问题还没有研究。

执笔 王朝霞(北京大学第一医院)

专家委员会成员(按姓名字母顺序排列)崔丽英(中国医学科学院北京协和医院)、笪宇威(首都医科大学宣武医院)、方方(首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院)、洪道俊(北京大学人民医院)、胡静(河北医科大学第三医院)、蒋海山(南方医科大学南方医院)、林洁(复旦大学附属华山医院)、马祎楠(北京大学第一医院)、蒲传强(解放军总医院)、王佳伟(首都医科大学附属同仁医院)、王朝霞(北京大学第一医院)、魏妍平(中国医学科学院北京协和医院)、吴士文(武警总医院)、熊晖(北京大学第一医院)、焉传祝(山东大学齐鲁医院)、杨艳玲(北京大学第一医院)、姚生(海军总医院)、袁云(北京大学第一医院)、张成(中山大学附属第一医院)、张在强(首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院)、赵玉英(山东大学齐鲁医院)

利益冲突

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

利益冲突

Conflicts of interest: None declared

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