中国髌股关节骨关节炎诊疗指南(2020年版)
中华骨科杂志, 2020,40(18) : 1227-1234. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121113-20200903-00545
一、指南制订背景

膝关节骨关节炎是中老年人最常见的运动系统退行性疾病,其病理特征主要包括关节软骨变性破坏、软骨下骨硬化或囊性变、关节边缘骨质增生、滑膜病变、关节囊挛缩、韧带松弛或挛缩以及肌肉萎缩等[1]。根据病变部位不同可将膝关节骨关节炎分为单纯胫股关节骨关节炎(tibiofemoral osteoarthritis,TFOA)、单纯髌股关节骨关节炎(patellofemoral osteoarthritis,PFOA)、TFOA合并PFOA三种亚型。目前国内外关于膝关节骨关节炎的研究主要集中在TFOA,针对PFOA的研究相对较少。然而,PFOA在社区老年人群中具有较高的患病率[2,3],我国50岁及以上人群中PFOA的患病率高达23.9%,其中男性为20.5%、女性为25.8%[4]

PFOA有独特的临床表现和病理特点,随其流行病学、危险因素及临床诊疗研究的不断深入,PFOA越来越受到国内外学者的广泛关注和重视[5,6,7]。为了及时总结PFOA诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗新理念以及循证医学研究的最新进展,自2020年2月开始,国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心(湘雅医院)、中华医学会骨科学分会关节外科学组以及《中华骨科杂志》编辑部组织国内骨科领域相关专家,遵循科学性、实用性和先进性原则,参考国际PFOA相关共识,并结合最新的PFOA研究进展制订了本指南,以期优化PFOA诊疗策略、规范骨科医生临床诊疗实践。

二、推荐意见

(一)负重屈膝时膝前痛,即髌股关节疼痛,是PFOA的典型症状(推荐等级:强推荐;证据等级:C)。

膝前痛通常是PFOA患者就诊的最主要症状[8]。国际髌股关节骨关节炎协会(International Patellofemoral Osteoarthritis Consortium)2018年发布专家共识,指出髌股关节疼痛是PFOA的典型临床症状,与上下楼梯时中等程度疼痛症状结合后诊断PFOA的特异性高达97%[9]。在平地行走、上下楼梯以及蹲起动作时,人体对髌股关节所产生的压力分别是体重的1.2倍、3~3.5倍以及7~11倍[10,11,12,13],因此PFOA患者在进行负重屈膝活动时髌股关节更容易出现疼痛症状[14]

(二)PFOA的主要体征包括下蹲试验阳性、髌骨研磨试验阳性和股四头肌抗阻试验阳性(推荐等级:弱推荐;证据等级:C)。

体格检查对PFOA的诊断具有重要意义,但尚无可直接诊断PFOA的特异性体格检查[15,16]。目前最可靠的体格检查为下蹲试验,敏感性为91%~94%,特异性为46%~50%[17],其阳性体征为下蹲时引出膝前区疼痛。约80%的髌股关节疼痛患者存在该阳性体征[16,18]。股四头肌抗阻试验、髌骨研磨试验或膝关节活动时髌骨周围摩擦音或摩擦感也是PFOA较常见的体征,但灵敏度及诊断效能均较低[8,16,19,20]。Cook等[17]认为结合以上三个检查可以提高诊断效能。

(三)PFOA的X线片表现为髌股关节间隙狭窄、髌骨周缘骨赘形成以及软骨下骨硬化,MRI可早期观察到软骨形态学改变和骨髓信号异常(推荐等级:强推荐;证据等级:B)。

X线片检查是诊断PFOA的首选检查方法。推荐使用髌骨轴位X线片观察髌股关节间隙狭窄、髌骨周缘骨赘形成和软骨下骨硬化情况,明确是否存在髌骨倾斜、髌骨脱位或半脱位和滑车发育不良等情况[8,21]。MRI可早期观察到X线检查难以发现的髌股关节形态学改变、软骨形态学改变和骨髓信号异常等[22],也可对关节软骨缺损深度和面积进行精确评估[23,24,25]。一项Meta分析研究结果显示:在影像学膝关节骨关节炎人群中,不论是否合并膝关节疼痛症状,MRI均可有助于PFOA的早期诊断[3]

(四)PFOA应与髌骨软化症、髌骨不稳、低位髌骨、高位髌骨、滑膜皱襞综合征以及其他炎性膝关节病相鉴别(推荐等级:弱推荐;证据等级:C)。

膝前痛是PFOA最主要的临床症状,尤其多见于中重度PFOA患者[26]。但膝前痛并非PFOA的特异性临床表现,应与其他可能引起膝前痛的疾病相鉴别,如髌骨软化症、髌骨不稳、低位髌骨、高位髌骨、滑膜皱襞综合征以及其他炎性膝关节病等[27,28,29],结合临床症状、体格检查、影像学表现及实验室检验指标进行综合判断。

(五)改变生活方式可以在一定程度上减轻PFOA疼痛症状,应避免可能加重髌股关节负荷或导致髌股关节软骨损伤的生活习惯(推荐等级:强推荐;证据等级:D)。

通过对PFOA患者进行健康教育并帮助其改变生活方式,可在一定程度上改善PFOA疼痛症状[27],如控制体重以及避免长时间攀爬阶梯、爬山、反复跳跃或蹲起等动作[30]。虽然目前尚缺乏高质量研究证据明确证实改变生活方式对PFOA的疗效,但其方便执行且产生不良反应的风险低[27],因此仍然是目前推荐使用的治疗方案。

(六)加强膝关节周围肌肉力量有助于增强髌股关节稳定性及改善PFOA疼痛症状(推荐等级:强推荐;证据等级:B)。

第4版国际髌股关节疼痛研究协会(International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat)专家共识提出:运动治疗不仅可在短期内缓解PFOA疼痛症状,亦可中长期改善疼痛症状、提升关节功能。此外,该共识明确推荐使用膝关节联合髋关节功能锻炼疗法,相比单纯的膝关节功能锻炼疗法可获得更显著的效果[31]。针对膝关节的功能锻炼应以非负重(抗阻伸膝)训练为主,而针对髋关节的肌肉锻炼应以臀部后外侧肌肉为主[32]。这些运动疗法可增加髌股关节接触面积,从而缓解疼痛以及增强髌股关节稳定性[33,34,35,36]

(七)可以联合使用两种及以上不同物理治疗方法缓解PFOA疼痛症状(推荐等级:弱推荐;证据等级:C)。

在改变生活方式和加强肌力锻炼的基础上,还可联合髌骨肌内效贴、手法治疗、超声治疗及经皮神经电刺激等物理治疗方法对PFOA进行治疗,以缓解疼痛症状[37,38,39,40]。其中,髌骨肌内效贴被证实可有效矫正髌骨不良位置、减轻髌股关节压力及缓解疼痛症状[41,42]。而髌骨支具、髌股支持带治疗PFOA或髌股关节疼痛的疗效尚不确切[9,31]

(八)PFOA的药物治疗应遵循膝关节骨关节炎的药物治疗原则,包括外用药物、口服药物以及关节腔内注射药物治疗(推荐等级:强推荐;证据等级:B)。

PFOA是膝关节骨关节炎的一种亚型,目前针对PFOA的药物治疗与膝关节骨关节炎的药物治疗原则无明显差异。参考我国2018年版《骨关节炎诊疗指南》及2020年版《中国骨关节炎疼痛管理临床实践指南》,药物治疗应遵循阶梯治疗原则,优先选择高效、低成本的治疗方式,逐步增加或调整用药方案[1,43]。一般优先选择外用非甾体抗炎药(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)改善髌股关节疼痛症状,对疼痛持续存在或中重度疼痛患者可选择口服NSAIDs,包括非选择性NSAIDs和选择性环氧化酶-2抑制剂,但需警惕胃肠道和心血管等不良事件[43,44]。若干项随机对照试验发现在包含PFOA的膝关节骨关节炎患者中,关节腔注射透明质酸钠可缓解膝关节疼痛[45,46]

(九)对非手术治疗无法缓解疼痛症状且合并髌股关节软骨退变缺损或软骨下骨损伤的PFOA患者,可考虑进行修复性手术治疗(推荐等级:弱推荐;证据等级:C)。

经基础治疗和药物治疗疼痛症状无法缓解的PFOA患者,当髌股关节发生软骨退变缺损或软骨下骨损伤时可考虑进行修复性手术治疗。具体方案取决于病变大小及患者自身诉求等诸多因素[47,48]:对软骨缺损面积<2.5 cm2且患者对膝关节功能要求不高的关节软骨损伤,可采用关节软骨修复术,包括微骨折术、Pridie钻孔术、软骨成形术等;对软骨缺损面积较大者,可选择自体软骨细胞移植术、骨软骨移植术等[47,48,49,50];对累及软骨下骨的中等面积至较大面积的软骨损伤,可采用自体或异体骨软骨移植术[51,52,53,54]

(十)对髌股轨迹不良以及应力异常的PFOA患者,可考虑采用胫骨结节前内移位术(推荐等级:弱推荐;证据等级:D)。

目前针对髌股轨迹不良(Q角大于20°)且有应力异常的PFOA,文献报道中多采用胫骨结节前内侧移位术进行治疗。该术式可减轻髌股关节接触面压力,从而缓解髌股关节疼痛症状[55,56,57,58]。胫骨结节前内移位术可与其他手术如胫骨高位截骨术联合实施[59,60],但需注意胫骨结节前内移位术并发症的风险,如胫骨结节前移过度、骨不连、皮肤坏死甚至骨筋膜室综合征等[56,61,62]

(十一)对髌骨轨迹不良的PFOA患者,也可采用外侧支持带松解等软组织平衡手术(推荐等级:弱推荐;证据等级:D)。

外侧支持带松解术多用于复发性髌骨脱位或半脱位、髌骨外侧压迫综合征(lateral patellar compression syndrome,LPCS)等疾病[63],可矫正髌骨对位不良、改善髌骨运动轨迹并减轻髌股关节接触面压力。但单独采用该术式治疗PFOA的效果不明确,一般需与其他修复性手术联合实施,如胫骨结节移位术及关节软骨修复手术等[59,60,64,65]

(十二)对其他治疗方法无效且日常生活受到严重影响的PFOA患者,关节置换手术仍为最佳选择。但应严格掌握手术适应证和禁忌证,单纯PFOA应首选部分膝关节置换术,即髌股关节置换术(推荐等级:强推荐;证据等级:C)。

适用于PFOA的膝关节置换术主要包括全膝关节置换术和髌股关节置换术。髌股关节置换术具有创伤相对较小、能保存更多骨量以及术后恢复较快等优点,其手术适应证主要为严重影响日常生活且其他治疗无效的原发性单纯PFOA[66,67,68],此外还包括创伤后PFOA以及滑车发育不良等[69,70,71,72]。髌股关节置换术的绝对禁忌证为:合并TFOA、髌股关节对线不良、膝关节不稳[韧带和(或)半月板损伤]、下肢力线异常[外翻畸形>8°和(或)内翻畸形>5°]以及处于急性感染期的患者;相对禁忌证为:股四头肌萎缩、低位髌骨以及体质指数≥30 kg/m2的患者[72,73]。值得注意的是,对单纯PFOA建议选择髌股关节置换,而PFOA合并TFOA时则应考虑全膝关节置换。

三、指南形成
(一)指南制订方法

本指南制订符合美国医学科学院(Institution of Medicine,IOM)[74]、指南研究与评价工具(Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation,AGREE Ⅱ)[75]及世界卫生组织指南制订手册[76]对于临床实践指南构建的概念与过程框架。指南制订过程严格按照预先的计划书开展,读者可联系作者索要指南的计划书。报告过程参考RIGHT报告规范[77]

(二)指南发起单位

本指南由国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心(湘雅医院)和中华医学会骨科学分会关节外科学组发起并负责制订,由《中华骨科杂志》编辑部组织骨科领域的方法学专家提供指南制订方法学和证据评价支持。启动时间为2020年2月4日,定稿时间为2020年9月1日。

(三)指南使用者和目标应用人群

指南终端使用者:骨科医生、运动医学科医生、风湿科医生、疼痛科医生、康复科医生及相关专科护士等。指南目标人群:PFOA患者。

(四)利益冲突声明与处理

所有参与指南制订的成员对本指南均无利益冲突,并填写了利益声明表。

(五)临床问题的确定与遴选

临床问题的形成严格按照指南临床问题形成方法[78]进行。第一轮开放性问卷调查收集了40份问卷共204个临床问题;对收集到的临床问题进行汇总与去重,得到22个临床问题;第二轮问卷调查对临床问题的重要性进行评估(每个临床问题的重要性分为5级,即非常重要、比较重要、一般重要、不太重要以及不确定),调研对象为全国多个省市、不同级别医院的各级别医生,通过对每个重要性级别进行赋值和汇总,最终将22个临床问题进行了重要性排序;通过第三轮讨论对重要临床问题再次解构、删减和综合,并最终确定了纳入本指南的12个临床问题。

(六)临床问题解构与证据检索

按照循证医学文献检索格式(即PICO原则)对纳入的临床问题进行解构。根据解构的临床问题进行证据检索:(1)检索数据库包括:Medline、Embase以及Cochrane Library;(2)检索研究类型:优先检索5年内已发表的系统评价、Meta分析及随机对照试验。当最新证据不足或证据等级较低时,增加检索5年以前发表的系统评价、Meta分析、随机对照试验以及队列研究、病例对照研究等;(3)检索时间为建库至2020年3月19日;(4)草拟指南正文前对最近发表的证据开展进一步检索,更新检索时间为2020年6月28日。

(七)证据评价

针对系统评价和Meta分析使用系统评价的方法学质量评价工具(assessing methodological quality of systematic reviews,AMSTAR)进行方法学质量评价[79]。针对随机对照试验使用Cochrane风险偏倚评价工具进行评价[80]。针对观察性研究使用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(Newcastle-Ottawa scale,NOS)对相应类型的研究进行方法学质量评价[81]。使用推荐意见分级的评估、制订和评价(grading of recommendation assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE)方法对证据的质量进行评价并对推荐意见进行分级[82]表1表2)。

点击查看表格
表1

本指南中涉及的证据质量分级与定义

表1

本指南中涉及的证据质量分级与定义

分级 定义
高(A) 非常有把握观察值接近真实值
中(B) 对观察值有中等把握:观察值有可能接近真实值,但也有可能差别很大
低(C) 对观察值的把握有限:观察值可能与真实值有很大差别
极低(D) 对观察值几乎没有把握:观察值与真实值可能有极大差别
点击查看表格
表2

本指南中涉及的推荐强度分级与定义

表2

本指南中涉及的推荐强度分级与定义

分级 定义
强推荐(1) 明确显示干预措施利大于弊
弱推荐(2) 利弊不确定或干预措施可能利大于弊
不推荐(3) 干预措施风险较大或弊大于利
(八)推荐意见形成

指南制订小组按证据评价结果,初步形成12条推荐意见。先后经过一轮讨论会、一轮德尔菲法共识会以及一轮终审会,最终确定了12条推荐意见的强度和推荐方向。为方便传阅和应用,将推荐意见以表格的形式展示(表3)。

点击查看表格
表3

中国髌股关节骨关节炎诊疗指南(2020年版)推荐意见

表3

中国髌股关节骨关节炎诊疗指南(2020年版)推荐意见

条目 推荐内容
推荐1 负重屈膝时膝前痛,即髌股关节疼痛,是髌股关节骨关节炎的典型症状(1C)
推荐2 髌股关节骨关节炎的主要体征包括下蹲试验阳性、髌骨研磨试验阳性和股四头肌抗阻试验阳性(2C)
推荐3 髌股关节骨关节炎的X线片表现为髌股关节间隙狭窄、髌骨周缘骨赘形成以及软骨下骨硬化,MRI可早期观察到软骨形态学改变和骨髓信号异常(1B)
推荐4 髌股关节骨关节炎应与髌骨软化症、髌骨不稳、低位髌骨、高位髌骨、滑膜皱襞综合征以及其他炎性膝关节病相鉴别(2C)
推荐5 改变生活方式可以在一定程度上减轻髌股关节骨关节炎疼痛症状,应避免可能加重髌股关节负荷或导致髌股关节软骨损伤的生活习惯(1D)
推荐6 加强膝关节周围肌肉力量有助于增强髌股关节稳定性及改善髌股关节骨关节炎疼痛症状(1B)
推荐7 可以联合使用两种及以上不同物理治疗方法缓解髌股关节骨关节炎疼痛症状(2C)
推荐8 髌股关节骨关节炎的药物治疗应遵循膝关节骨关节炎的药物治疗原则,包括外用药物、口服药物以及关节腔内注射药物治疗(1B)
推荐9 对非手术治疗无法缓解疼痛症状且合并髌股关节软骨退变缺损或软骨下骨损伤的髌股关节骨关节炎患者,可考虑进行修复性手术治疗(2C)
推荐10 对髌股轨迹不良以及应力异常的髌股关节骨关节炎患者,可考虑采用胫骨结节前内移位术(2D)
推荐11 对髌骨轨迹不良的髌股关节骨关节炎患者,也可采用外侧支持带松解等软组织平衡手术(2D)
推荐12 对其他治疗方法无效且日常生活受到严重影响的髌股关节骨关节炎患者,关节置换手术仍为最佳选择。但应严格掌握手术适应证和禁忌证,单纯髌股关节骨关节炎应首选部分膝关节置换术,即髌股关节置换术(1C)

注:括号内1为强推荐,2为弱推荐,3为不推荐;A~D分别代表证据质量高、中、低、极低

(九)指南外审

本《指南》在发布前进行了同行评议,并对评审意见进行了回复和修改。

(十)指南发布和更新

指南的全文优先在《中华骨科杂志》发表。同时,指南制订小组计划每2年进行指南的更新。

(十一)指南传播、实施和评价

指南出版后,将通过学术会议或学习班等方式进行指南传播。具体的传播方式包括:①将在骨科会议或骨关节炎相关学习班上进行传播2年;②指南的正文将以报纸、期刊、单行本、手册等形式出版传播;③本指南将以中、英文方式传播,并出现在学会的相关网站;④通过互联网、手机APP等方式进行传播。针对指南的实施和评价,拟通过发布本指南相关解读文章进一步促进指南的实施;通过RIGHT报告规范以及AGREE Ⅱ对该指南的报告质量以及制订质量进行评价。

指南制订人员(以姓名汉语拼音排序)

蔡郑东 曹 力 陈继营 高曙光 贺新宁

黄 伟 胡懿郃 胡永成 蒋 青 金群华

雷光华 林剑浩 刘 璠 李宇晟 毛新展

秦彦国 曲铁兵 沈 彬 王 飞 王坤正

王义生 翁习生 吴立东 夏 春 肖 骏

肖文峰 熊依林 杨 佩 曾 超 查振刚

张先龙

执笔

曾 超 杨 佩

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