酒精性肝病防治指南(2018更新版)
中华肝脏病杂志, 2018,26(3) : 188-194. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2018.03.007

酒精性肝病是由于长期大量饮酒导致的肝脏疾病。初期通常表现为脂肪肝,进而可发展成酒精性肝炎、肝纤维化和肝硬化。严重酗酒时可诱发广泛肝细胞坏死,甚至引起肝功能衰竭。酒精性肝病是我国常见的肝脏疾病之一,严重危害人民健康。为进一步规范酒精性肝病的诊断与治疗,中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组及中国医师协会脂肪性肝病专家委员会组织国内有关专家,在参考国内外最新研究成果和相关诊疗共识的基础上,对2010年制订的《酒精性肝病诊疗指南》进行修订。本指南中的证据等级根据GRADE分级修订,分为A、B和C 3个级别,推荐等级分为1和2两个级别,见表1

表1

推荐意见的证据等级和推荐等级

表1

推荐意见的证据等级和推荐等级

级别 详细说明
证据等级  
  A高质量 进一步研究不大可能改变对该疗效评估结果的信心
  B中等质量 进一步研究有可能使我们对该疗效评估结果的信心产生重要影响
  C低质量 进一步研究很有可能影响该疗效评估结果,且该评估结果很可能改变
推荐等级  
  1强推荐 充分考虑到了证据的质量、患者可能的预后情况及治疗成本而最终得出的推荐意见
  2弱推荐 证据价值参差不齐,推荐意见存在不确定性,或推荐的治疗意见可能会有较高的成本疗效比等,更倾向于较低等级的推荐

本指南旨在帮助临床医师对酒精性肝病的诊断与治疗作出正确决策,并非强制性标准。临床医师在针对某一具体患者时,应充分了解本病的最佳临床证据和现有医疗资源,并在全面考虑患者具体病情及其意愿的基础上,根据自己的知识和经验,制定合理的诊疗方案。由于酒精性肝病的研究不断发展,本《指南》将根据需要不断更新和完善。

一、流行病学

我国尚缺乏全国性的酒精性肝病流行病学资料,但地区性的流行病学调查结果显示,我国饮酒人群比例和酒精性肝病患病率均呈现上升趋势。华北地区流行病学调查结果显示,从20世纪80年代初到90年代初,嗜酒者在一般人群中的比例从0.21%升至14.3%[1]。本世纪初,东北地区流行病学调查结果显示,嗜酒者比例高达26.98%[2],部分地区甚至高达42.76%[3];南方及中西部省份流行病学调查结果显示,饮酒人群增至30.9%~43.4%[1,4,5,6]

部分嗜酒者或饮酒过量者会出现乙醇(酒精)相关健康问题,其中酒精性肝病是乙醇(酒精)所致的最常见的脏器损害。本世纪初,我国部分省份酒精性肝病流行病学调查资料显示,酒精性肝病患病率为0.5%~8.55%[2,3,4,5,6,7,8];其中40~49岁人群的酒精性肝病患病率最高,达到10%以上[2,3]。酒精性肝病占同期肝病住院患者的比例不断上升,从2000年的2.4%上升至2004年的4.3%[9];酒精性肝硬化占肝硬化的病因构成比从1999年的10.8%上升到2003年的24.0%[10,11]。酒精性肝病已成为我国最主要的慢性肝病之一[12]

二、影响因素

酒精性肝损伤及酒精性肝病的影响因素较多,包括饮酒量、饮酒年限、乙醇(酒精)饮料品种、饮酒方式、性别、种族、肥胖、肝炎病毒感染、遗传因素、营养状况等。

根据流行病学调查资料,乙醇(酒精)所造成的肝损伤具有阈值效应,即达到一定饮酒量或饮酒年限,就会大大增加肝损伤风险[13,14]。然而,饮酒量与肝损伤的量效关系存在个体差异[14,15,16,17]

乙醇(酒精)饮料品种较多,不同乙醇(酒精)饮料对肝脏所造成的损伤也有差别[18,19,20]。饮酒方式也是酒精性肝损伤的影响因素,空腹饮酒较伴有进餐的饮酒方式更易造成肝损伤[20];相比偶尔饮酒和酗酒,每日饮酒更易引起严重的酒精性肝损伤[21]

与男性相比,女性对乙醇(酒精)介导的肝毒性更敏感,表现为更小剂量和更短的饮酒期限就可能出现更重的酒精性肝病[13,22],也更易发生严重的酒精性肝炎和肝硬化[23]。饮用同等量的乙醇(酒精)饮料,男女血液中乙醇(酒精)水平明显有差异[24]

种族[25]、遗传[26,27]、个体差异[28]也是酒精性肝病的重要影响因素。汉族人群的酒精性肝病易感基因乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)2、ADH3和乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH)2的等位基因频率以及基因型分布不同于西方国家,可能是中国嗜酒人群和酒精性肝病的发病率低于西方国家的原因之一[27]。此外,酒精性肝病并非发生于所有的饮酒者,提示酒精性肝病的易感性存在个体差异[14]

酒精性肝病病死率的上升与营养不良程度相关[28]。维生素A缺少或维生素E水平下降,也可加重肝脏损伤[29]。富含多不饱和脂肪酸的饮食可促使酒精性肝病的进展,而饱和脂肪酸对酒精性肝病起到保护作用[30]。肥胖或体质量超重可增加酒精性肝病进展的风险[14]

肝炎病毒感染与乙醇(酒精)对肝脏损伤起协同作用[31],在肝炎病毒感染基础上饮酒,或在酒精性肝病基础上并发乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)或丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染,都可加速肝脏疾病的发生和发展。

三、临床诊断标准

1.有长期饮酒史,一般超过5年,折合乙醇量男性≥40 g/d,女性≥20 g/d;或2周内有大量饮酒史,折合乙醇量> 80 g/d[32]。但应注意性别、遗传易感性等因素的影响。乙醇量(g)换算公式=饮酒量(ml)×乙醇含量(%)×0.8。

乙醇(酒精)使用障碍筛查量表(AUDIT)、密西根乙醇(酒精)依赖筛查量表(MAST)、CAGE问卷等量表可以用来筛选乙醇(酒精)滥用和乙醇(酒精)依赖[33,34]

2.临床症状为非特异性,可无症状,或有右上腹胀痛、食欲不振、乏力、体质量减轻、黄疸等;随着病情加重,可有神经精神症状、蜘蛛痣、肝掌等表现[32]

3.血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)、总胆红素(TBil)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、平均红细胞容积(MCV)和缺糖转铁蛋白(CDT)等指标升高。其中AST/ALT > 2、GGT升高、MCV升高为酒精性肝病的特点[32,35,36,37],而CDT测定虽然较特异但临床未常规开展。禁酒后这些指标可明显下降,通常4周内基本恢复正常(但GGT恢复至正常较慢)[38,39],有助于诊断。

4.肝脏B型超声、X线计算机断层摄影术(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)或瞬时弹性成像检查有典型表现[40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49](见本指南影像学诊断部分)。

5.排除嗜肝病毒现症感染、药物和中毒性肝损伤、自身免疫性肝病等[32]

推荐意见1:酒精性肝病无特异性临床诊断方法,长期饮酒史的仔细询问非常重要,符合第1项者,排除其他原因的肝病,同时具有第3、4项者,可诊断为酒精性肝病;符合第1、3、4项,同时有病毒性肝炎现症感染证据者,可诊断为酒精性肝病伴病毒性肝炎。(A1)

符合酒精性肝病临床诊断标准者,其临床分型诊断如下。

1.轻症酒精性肝病:肝脏生物化学指标、影像学和组织病理学检查结果基本正常或轻微异常。

2.酒精性脂肪肝:影像学诊断符合脂肪肝标准,血清ALT、AST或GGT可轻微异常。

3.酒精性肝炎:是短期内肝细胞大量坏死引起的一组临床病理综合征,可发生于有或无肝硬化的基础上,主要表现为血清ALT、AST或GGT升高,可有血清TBil增高,可伴有发热、外周血中性粒细胞升高。重症酒精性肝炎是指酒精性肝炎患者出现肝功能衰竭的表现,如黄疸、凝血机制障碍、肝性脑病、急性肾功能衰竭、上消化道出血等,常伴有内毒素血症。

4.酒精性肝纤维化:临床症状、体征、常规超声显像和CT检查常无特征性改变。未做肝活组织检查时,应结合饮酒史、瞬时弹性成像或MRI、血清纤维化标志物(透明质酸、Ⅲ型胶原、Ⅳ型胶原、层黏连蛋白)、GGT、AST/ALT比值、AST/血小板比值、胆固醇、载脂蛋白-Al、TBil、α2巨球蛋白、铁蛋白、稳态模式胰岛素抵抗等改变,综合评估,作出诊断。

5.酒精性肝硬化:有肝硬化的临床表现和血清生物化学指标、瞬时弹性成像及影像学的改变。

四、影像学诊断[40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49]
1.超声显像诊断:

具备以下3项腹部超声表现中的2项者为弥漫性脂肪肝:(1)肝脏近场回声弥漫性增强,回声强于肾脏;(2)肝脏远场回声逐渐衰减;(3)肝内管道结构显示不清。超声显像诊断不能区分单纯性脂肪肝与脂肪性肝炎,且难以检出< 30%的肝细胞脂肪变,且易受设备和操作者水平的影响。

2.瞬时弹性成像诊断:

能通过1次检测同时得到肝脏硬度和肝脏脂肪变程度2个指标。受控衰减参数(CAP)测定系统诊断肝脏脂肪变的灵敏度很高,可检出仅有5%的肝脏脂肪变性,特异性高、稳定性好,且CAP诊断不同程度肝脏脂肪变的阈值不受慢性肝病病因的影响[50]。瞬时弹性成像用于酒精性肝病进展期肝纤维化及肝硬化,肝脏弹性值(LSM)临界值分别为12.96 kPa及22.7 kPa[51]。定期瞬时弹性成像监测,有利于患者预后评估[52,53]

3.CT诊断:

弥漫性肝脏密度降低,肝脏与脾脏的CT值之比≤1。弥漫性肝脏密度降低,肝/脾CT比值≤1.0但> 0.7者为轻度,肝/脾CT比值≤0.7但> 0.5者为中度,肝/脾CT比值≤0.5者为重度。

4.MRI诊断:

磁共振波谱分析、双回波同相位和反相位肝脏MRI可以定量评估酒精性肝病肝脏脂肪变程度。磁共振弹性成像(MRE)用来诊断肝纤维化的界值为2.93 kPa,预测的敏感度为98%、特异度为99%。MRE可完整评估肝脏实质的病变,且不受肥胖、腹水的影响。MRE对纤维化分期(F2~4)的受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUROC)接近1。缺点:其他原因如炎症、脂肪变、血管充血、胆汁淤积、门静脉高压等亦可导致肝脏弹性增加,从而使MRE评估肝纤维化受到干扰。此外,检查费用昂贵、设备要求高等,使MRE的普及程度不及瞬时弹性成像检查[54,55]

推荐意见2:超声是目前最常用的酒精性脂肪肝诊断方法,具有无辐射、无创伤、价格低廉等优点,可作为首选;然而超声无法敏感识别30%以下的肝脏脂肪变,存在操作者和仪器依赖性,不能区分单纯性脂肪肝与脂肪性肝炎。CT可以对肝脏进行整体评估,鉴别肝癌或者局部脂肪沉积,但是CT存在辐射且很难评估肝脏纤维化。MRI尤其是1H磁共振质谱成像,可以无创、定量评价肝脏脂肪含量,但是费用昂贵并且需要特殊设备,限制了其在临床广泛应用。(A1)

推荐意见3:肝纤维化是最重要的转归决定因素,识别和定量评估纤维化是判断病情、随访疗效、评估预后的关键环节。在资源有限的情况下,推荐使用AST/血小板比值作为无创肝纤维化初步评估;在设备且经济条件允许的情况下,推荐瞬时弹性成像或FibroTest作为无创肝纤维化评估的首选检测。(A1)

推荐意见4:瞬时弹性成像快速、简单、安全、易学,可广泛应用。它的主要不足是无法对有腹水及病态肥胖者进行准确检测,操作经验不足也会限制其应用。正确解读瞬时弹性成像结果需要考虑以下因素:四分位距(IQR)/中位数(< 30%),血清转氨酶水平(<5×正常值上限),人体质量指数> 30 kg/m2,或皮肤到肝包膜距离> 25 mm时使用XL探头,无肝外胆汁淤积,无右心衰竭或其他原因引起的肝脏淤血,无持续过量的乙醇(酒精)摄入。(A1)

五、组织病理学诊断[32]

酒精性肝病病理学改变主要为大泡性或大泡性为主伴小泡性的混合性肝细胞脂肪变性。依据病变肝组织是否伴有炎症反应和纤维化,可分为单纯性脂肪肝、酒精性肝炎、肝纤维化和肝硬化。酒精性肝病的病理学诊断报告应包括肝脂肪变程度(F0~3)、炎症程度(G0~4)、肝纤维化分级(S0~4)。

(一)单纯性脂肪肝

依据肝细胞脂肪变性占据所获取肝组织标本量的范围,分为3度(F0~3):F0:< 5%肝细胞脂肪变;F1:≥5%~< 33%肝细胞脂肪变;F2:≥33%~< 66%肝细胞脂肪变;F3:≥66%肝细胞脂肪变。

(二)酒精性肝炎和肝纤维化

酒精性肝炎时肝脏脂肪变程度与单纯性脂肪肝一致,分为3度(F0~3),依据炎症程度分为4级(G0~4):G0:无炎症;G1:腺泡3带呈现少数气球样肝细胞,腺泡内散在个别点灶状坏死和中央静脉周围炎;G2:腺泡3带明显气球样肝细胞,腺泡内点灶状坏死增多,出现Mallory小体,门管区轻至中度炎症;G3:腺泡3带广泛的气球样肝细胞,腺泡内点灶状坏死明显,出现Mallory小体和凋亡小体,门管区中度炎症伴和(或)门管区周围炎症;G4:融合性坏死和(或)桥接坏死。

依据纤维化的范围和形态,肝纤维化分为4期(S0~4):S0:无纤维化;S1:腺泡3带局灶性或广泛的窦周/细胞周围纤维化和中央静脉周围纤维化;S2:纤维化扩展到门管区,中央静脉周围硬化性玻璃样坏死,局灶性或广泛的门管区星芒状纤维化;S3:腺泡内广泛纤维化,局灶性或广泛的桥接纤维化;S4:肝硬化。

推荐意见5:酒精性肝病的病理学诊断报告需包括肝脏脂肪变程度(F0~3)、炎症坏死程度(G0~4),以及肝纤维化分级(S0~4)。(C1)

(三)酒精性肝硬化

肝小叶结构完全毁损,代之以假小叶形成和广泛纤维化,为小结节性肝硬化。根据纤维间隔有无界面性肝炎,分为活动性和静止性肝硬化。

六、酒精性肝病的治疗
(一)评估方法[56,57,58,59,60,61,62]

有多种方法用于评价酒精性肝病的严重程度及近期生存率,主要包括Child-Pugh分级、PT-胆红素判别函数(Maddrey判别函数)、终末期肝病模型(MELD)积分、Glasgow酒精性肝炎评分(GAHS)、ABIC评分、Lille评分、瞬时弹性成像等。其中Maddrey判别函数的计算公式为:4.6×PT(s)差值+TBil(mg/dl),得分> 32分表示有很高的30 d病死率。MELD积分> 18分、Glasgow酒精性肝炎评分> 8分、ABIC评分> 9分提示预后不良。重症酒精性肝炎糖皮质激素治疗7 d时可使用Lille评分评估,评分> 0.45分提示激素无效。

(二)治疗

酒精性肝病的治疗原则是:戒酒和营养支持,减轻酒精性肝病的严重程度,改善已存在的继发性营养不良和对症治疗酒精性肝硬化及其并发症[63,64,65]

1.戒酒:

完全戒酒是酒精性肝病最主要和最基本的治疗措施[66]。戒酒可改善预后及肝组织学损伤、降低门静脉压力、延缓纤维化进程、提高所有阶段酒精性肝病患者的生存率。主动戒酒比较困难者可给予巴氯芬口服。乙醇(酒精)依赖者戒酒过程中要及时预防和治疗乙醇(酒精)戒断综合征(可用安定类镇静治疗)。

2.营养支持:

酒精性肝病患者需良好的营养支持,应在戒酒的基础上提供高蛋白、低脂饮食,并注意补充维生素B、维生素C、维生素K及叶酸[67,68,69]。酒精性肝硬化患者主要补充蛋白质热量的不足,重症酒精性肝炎患者应考虑夜间加餐(约700 kcal/d),以防止肌肉萎缩,增加骨骼肌容量。韦尼克脑病症状明显者及时补充B族维生素。

3.药物治疗:

(1)糖皮质激素可改善重症酒精性肝炎患者28 d的生存率[70],但对90 d及半年生存率改善效果不明显[71]。(2)美他多辛可加速乙醇(酒精)从血清中清除,有助于改善乙醇(酒精)中毒症状、乙醇(酒精)依赖以及行为异常[72,73,74],从而提高生存率[75,76]。(3)S-腺苷蛋氨酸治疗可以改善酒精性肝病患者的临床症状和血清生物化学指标[77,78,79]

多烯磷脂酰胆碱对酒精性肝病患者可防止组织学恶化的趋势[80,81]。甘草酸制剂、水飞蓟素类和还原型谷胱甘肽等药物有不同程度的抗氧化、抗炎、保护肝细胞膜及细胞器等作用,临床应用可改善肝脏生物化学指标[80,82,83,84]。双环醇治疗也可改善酒精性肝损伤[85,86]。但不宜同时应用多种抗炎保肝药物,以免加重肝脏负担及因药物间相互作用而引起不良反应。(4)酒精性肝病患者肝脏常伴有肝纤维化的病理学改变,故应重视抗肝纤维化治疗。目前有多种抗肝纤维化中成药或方剂,今后应根据循证医学原理,按照新药临床研究规范进行大样本、随机,双盲临床试验,并重视肝组织学检查结果,以客观评估其疗效和安全性。(5)积极处理酒精性肝硬化的并发症(例如食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血、自发性细菌性腹膜炎,肝性脑病和肝细胞肝癌等)[66]。(6)严重酒精性肝硬化患者可考虑肝移植。早期的肝移植可以提高患者的生存率,但要求患者肝移植前戒酒3~6个月,并且无其他脏器的严重酒精性损害[87,88]

推荐意见6:酒精性肝病的治疗戒酒是最基本的措施,营养支持非常重要。是否需要药物干预、用哪些药物干预需根据患者病情,采取个体化治疗。(A1)

推荐意见7:戒酒后肝脏炎症、纤维化可仍然存在。若证实肝脏有炎症和肝纤维化分期≥F2的患者应接受药物治疗。抗炎、保肝药物动物实验证实有效,但仍缺乏大样本严格的临床试验资料,至今尚缺乏疗效确切且可被推荐用于酒精性肝炎的治疗药物。(B1)

推荐意见8:酒精性肝硬化患者需积极防治并发症,在戒酒3~6个月后可考虑肝脏移植治疗终末期肝病。(B1)

参加本指南撰写和讨论的专家名单:

(排名不分先后,按姓氏笔画排序)

王 华 王炳元 牛俊奇 厉有名 朱月永 庄 辉

孙 超 何方平 邹正升 陆伦根 范建高 宓余强

赵景民 南月敏 钟碧慧 段钟平 袁平戈 徐可树

徐有青 徐承富 展玉涛 韩 涛 程明亮 鲁晓岚

虞朝辉 魏 来

参考文献
[1]
酒依赖与肝病问题调查协作组. 中国9个城市4种职业人群酒依赖协作研究(一)(二)[J]. 中国心理卫生杂志, 1992, 6: 112.
Alcohol depedent and liver disease questionaire Collaborative Group.Alcohol dependence Collaborative Research in four kinds of occupational population in Chinese nine cities(I)(II). Chinese Mental Health Journal, 1992, 6: 112.
[2]
陈士林孟晓丹王炳元, . 辽宁省部分城市酒精性肝病流行现状调查[J]. 实用肝脏病杂志, 2010, 13( 6): 428-430, 435. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2010.06.010.
ChenSL, MengXD, WangBY, et al. An epidemiologic survey of alcoholic liver disease in some cities of Liaoning Province[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2010,13(6): 428-430, 435. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2010.06.010.
[3]
WangH, MaL, YinQ, et al. Prevalence of alcoholic liver disease and its association with socioeconomic status in north-eastern China[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2014, 38( 4): 1035- 1041. DOI: 10.1111/acer.12321.
[4]
黄顺玲戴水奇张雪红, . 湖南省酒精性肝病流行病学调查概况[J]. 中国医师杂志, 2005, 7( 3): 426- 427. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-1372.2005.03.080.
HuangSL, DaiSQ, ZhangXH, et al. Epidemiological survey of alcoholic liver disease in Hunan[J]. Journal of Chinese Physician, 2005, 7(3): 426-427. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1008-1372.2005.03.080.
[5]
鲁晓岚陶明罗金燕, . 饮酒与肝病流行病学调查[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2002, 10( 6): 467- 468. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1007-3418.2002.06.029.
LuXL, TaoM, LuoJY, et al. Epidemiology of alcohol and liver disease[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2002, 10(6): 467-468. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1007-3418.2002.06.029.
[6]
厉有名陈卫星虞朝辉, . 浙江省酒精性肝病流行病学调查概况[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2003, 11( 11): 647- 649. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1007-3418.2003.11.002.
LiYM, ChenWX, YuCH, et al. An epidemiological survey of alcoholic liver disease in Zhejiang province[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2003, 11(11): 647-649. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1007-3418.2003.11.002.
[7]
ZhouYJ, LiYY, NieYQ, et al. Prevalence of fatty liver disease and its risk factors in the population of South China[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2007, 13( 47): 6419- 6424.
[8]
姚锦慧赵秋冬熊鹏芬, . 云南元江少数民族酒精性肝病流行病学调查[J]. 胃肠病学和肝病学杂志, 2011, 20 ( 12): 1137- 1139. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2011.12.021.
YaoJH, ZhaoQD, XiongPF, et al. Investigation of alcoholic liver disease in ethnic groups of Yuanjiang county in Yunnan[J]. Chin J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011, 20 (12): 1137-1139. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2011.12.021.
[9]
全国酒精性肝病调查协作组. 全国酒精性肝病的多中心调查分析[J]. 中华消化杂志, 2007, 27( 4): 231- 234. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:0254-1432.2007.04.005.
Cooperative Group of Alcoholic Liver Disease.A multicenter study of alcoholic liver disease in China[J]. Chin J Dig, 2007, 27(4): 231-234. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:0254-1432.2007.04.005.
[10]
刘阳迟宝荣. 酒精性肝硬化237例临床分析[J]. 吉林医学, 2004, 25 ( 4): 40- 42. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0412.2004.02.016.
LiuY, ChiBR. Clinical analysis on 237 cases with alcoholic liver cirrhosis[J]. Jilin Med, 2004, 25(4): 40-42. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0412.2004.02.016.
[11]
王辉王江滨. 肝炎病毒感染与酒精性肝硬化关系的研究(附182例酒精性肝病临床病例报告) [J]. 白求恩医科大学学报, 1998, 24( 6): 652- 653.
WangH, WangJB. A study of the relationship between hepatitis virus infection and alcoholic cirrhosis (with 182 cases of alcoholic liver disease)[J]. J N Bethune Univ Med Sci, 1998, 24(6): 652-653.
[12]
WangFS, FanJG, ZhangZ, et al. The global burden of liver disease: the major impact of China[J]. Hepatology, 2014, 60( 6): 2099- 2108. DOI: 10.1002/hep.27406.
[13]
RehmJ, TaylorB, MohapatraS, et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Drug Alcohol Rev, 2010, 29( 4): 437- 445. DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00153.x.
[14]
ShenZ, LiYM, YuCH, et al. Risk factors for alcohol-related liver injury in the island population of China: a population-based case-control study [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2008, 14( 14): 2255- 2261.
[15]
BeckerU, DeisA, SorensenTI, et al. Prediction of risk of liver disease by alcohol intake, sex, and age:a prospective population study[J]. Hepatology, 1996, 23( 5): 1025- 1029. DOI: 10.1002/hep.510230513.
[16]
CorraoG, BagnardiV, ZambonA, et al. A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases[J]. Prev Med, 2004, 38( 5): 613- 619. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.11.027.
[17]
Kamper-JørgensenM, GrønbaekM, TolstrupJ, et al. Alcohol and cirrhosis: dose-response or threshold effect?[J]. J Hepatol, 2004, 41( 1): 25- 30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.03.002.
[18]
BeckerU, GrønbaekM, JohansenD, et al. Lower risk for alcohol-induced cirrhosis in wine drinkers[J]. Hepatology, 2002, 35( 4): 868- 875. DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.32101.
[19]
JiangH, LivingstonM, RoomR, et al. Alcohol consumption and liver disease in Australia: a time series analysis of the period 1935-2006[J]. Alcohol Alcohol, 2014, 49( 3): 363- 368. DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt143.
[20]
LuXL, LuoJY, TaoM, et al. Risk factors for alcoholic liver disease in China[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2004, 10( 16): 2423- 2426.
[21]
HattonJ, BurtonA, NashH, et al. Drinking patterns, dependency and life-time drinking history in alcohol-related liver disease[J]. Addiction, 2009, 104( 4): 587- 592. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02493.x.
[22]
SatoN, LindrosKO, BaraonaE, et al. Sex difference in alcohol-related organ injury[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2001, 25( 5 Suppl ISBRA): 40S- 45S.
[23]
EagonPK. Alcoholic liver injury: influence of gender and hormones[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16( 11): 1377- 1384.
[24]
BaraonaE, AbittanCS, DohmenK, et al. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2001, 25( 4): 502- 507.
[25]
WickramasingheSN, CorridanB, IzaguirreJ, et al. Ethnic differences in the biological consequences of alcohol abuse: a comparison between south Asian and European males[J]. Alcohol Alcohol, 1995, 30( 5): 675- 680.
[26]
BorràsE, CoutelleC, RosellA, et al. Genetic polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase in europeans: the ADH2*2 allele decreases the risk for alcoholism and is associated with ADH3*1[J]. Hepatology, 2000, 31( 4): 984- 989.
[27]
YuC, LiY, ChenW, et al. Genotype of ethanol metabolizing enzyme genes by oligonucleotide microarray in alcoholic liver disease in Chinese people[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2002, 115( 7): 1085- 1087.
[28]
MendenhallC, RoselleGA, GartsideP, et al. Relationship of protein calorie malnutrition to alcoholic liver disease: a reexamination of data from two Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1995, 19( 3): 635- 641.
[29]
LeevyCM, MoroianuSA. Nutritional aspects of alcoholic liver disease[J]. Clin Liver Dis, 2005, 9( 1): 67- 81. DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2004.11.003.
[30]
MezeyE. Dietary fat and alcoholic liver disease[J]. Hepatology, 1998, 28( 4): 901- 905. DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280401.
[31]
WilliamsR. Global challenges in liver disease[J]. Hepatology, 2006, 44( 3): 521- 526. DOI: 10.1002/hep.21347.
[32]
中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组. 酒精性肝病诊疗指南[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2006, 14( 3): 164- 166. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1007-3418.2006.03.002.
Fatty Liver and Alcoholic Liver Disease Study Group of the Chinese Liver Disease Association. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of alcoholic liver diseases[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2006, 14(3): 164-166. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1007-3418.2006.03.002.
[33]
BushK, KivlahanDR, McdonellMB, et al. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test[J]. Arch Intern Med, 1998, 158( 16): 1789- 1795.
[34]
SoderstromCA, SmithGS, KuferaJA, et al. The accuracy of the CAGE, the Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in screening trauma center patients for alcoholism[J]. J Trauma, 1997, 43( 6): 962- 969.
[35]
ChenCH, HuangMH, YangJC, et al. Prevalence and etiology of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase level in an adult population in Taiwan[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 22( 9): 1482- 1489. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04615.x.
[36]
ConigraveKM, DegenhardtLJ, WhitfieldJB, et al. CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO/ISBRA collaborative project[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2002, 26( 3): 332- 339.
[37]
YersinB, NicoletJF, DercreyH, et al. Screening for excessive alcohol drinking. Comparative value of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume[J]. Arch Intern Med, 1995, 155( 17): 1907- 1911.
[38]
MajhiS, BaralN, LamsalM, et al. De Ritis ratio as diagnostic marker of alcoholic liver disease [J]. Nepal Med Coll J, 2006, 8( 1): 40- 42.
[39]
NyblomH, BerggrenU, BalldinJ, et al. High AST/ALT ratio may indicate advanced alcoholic liver disease rather than heavy drinking[J]. Alcohol Alcohol, 2004, 39( 4): 336- 339. DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agh074.
[40]
Bardou-JacquetE, LegrosL, SoroD, et al. Effect of alcohol consumption on liver stiffness measured by transient elastography[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19( 4): 516- 522. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i4.516.
[41]
BensamounSF, LeclercGE, DebernardL, et al. Cutoff values for alcoholic liver fibrosis using magnetic resonance elastography technique[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2013, 37( 5): 811- 817. DOI: 10.1111/acer.12025.
[42]
d'AssigniesG, RuelM, KhiatA, et al. Noninvasive quantitation of human liver steatosis using magnetic resonance and bioassay methods[J]. Eur Radiol, 2009, 19( 8): 2033- 2040. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1351-4.
[43]
GraifM, YanukaM, BarazM, et al. Quantitative estimation of attenuation in ultrasound video images: correlation with histology in diffuse liver disease[J]. Invest Radiol, 2000, 35( 5): 319- 324.
[44]
AtasevenH, YildrimMH, YalnizM, et al. Correlation between computerized tomographic findings and histopathologic grade/stage in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [J]. J Hepatol, 2003, 38 Suppl 2: A4177.
[45]
FarrellGC, GeorgeJ, Pauline de laM, et al. Fatty liver disease: NASH and related disorders[M]. Oxford: Blsckwell Publishing, 2005: 159- 207.
[46]
ManciniM, PrinsterA, AnnuzziG, et al. Sonographic hepatic-renal ratio as indicator of hepatic steatosis: comparison with (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy [J]. Metabolism, 2009, 58( 12): 1724- 1730. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.032.
[47]
NahonP, KettanehA, Tengher-BarnaI, et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis using transient elastography in patients with alcoholic liver disease[J]. J Hepatol, 2008, 49( 6): 1062- 1068. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.08.011.
[48]
SanyalAJ; American Gastroenterological Association. AGA technical review on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Gastroenterology, 2002, 123( 5): 1705- 1725.
[49]
沈峰范建高. 瞬时弹性成像技术在脂肪性肝病中的应用现状[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2014, 22( 9): 643- 646. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2014.09.002.
ShenF, FanJG. Current status of transient elastography for assessing patients with fatty liver disease[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2014, 22(9): 643-646. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2014.09.002.
[50]
沈峰郑瑞丹宓余强, . 受控衰减参数诊断脂肪肝的临界值初探:一项多中心临床研究[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2014, 22( 12): 926- 931. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2014.12.010.
ShenF, ZhengRD, MiYQ, et al. A multi-center clinical study of a novel controlled attenuation parameter for assessment of fatty liver[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2014, 22(12): 926-931. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2014.12.010.
[51]
瞬时弹性成像技术(TE)临床应用共识专家委员会. 瞬时弹性成像技术(TE)临床应用专家共识(2015年)[J]. 中国肝脏病杂志(电子版), 2015, 7( 2): 12- 18. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7380.2015.02.002.
Expert Committee on the Clinical Application of Transient Elastography (TE). Expert consensus on the clinical application of transient elastography (TE) (2015)[J]. Chin J Liver Dis(Electronic Version), 2015, 7(2): 12-18. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7380.2015.02.002.
[52]
SinghS, FujiiLL, MuradMH, et al. Liver stiffness is associated with risk of decompensation, liver cancer, and death in patients with chronic liver diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013, 11( 12): 1573- 1584. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.034.
[53]
European Association for Study of Liver, Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Higado. EASL-ALEH clinical practice guidelines: non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis[J]. J Hepatol, 2015, 63( 1): 237- 264. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.04.006.
[54]
CasteraL. Hepatitis B: are non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis reliable?[J]. Liver Int, 2014, 34 Suppl 1: 91- 96. DOI: 10.1111/liv.12393.
[55]
HuwartL, SempouxC, VicautE, et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2008, 135( 1): 32- 40. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.076.
[56]
CarithersRL, HerlongHF, DiehlAM, et al. Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. A randomized multicenter trial[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1989, 110( 9): 685- 690.
[57]
DominguezM, RincónD, AbraldesJG, et al. A new scoring system for prognostic stratification of patients with alcoholic hepatitis[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2008, 103( 11): 2747- 2756. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02104.x.
[58]
ForrestEH, EvansCD, StewartS, et al. Analysis of factors predictive of mortality in alcoholic hepatitis and derivation and validation of the Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score[J]. Gut, 2005, 54( 8): 1174- 1179. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.050781.
[59]
LouvetA, NaveauS, AbdelnourM, et al. The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids[J]. Hepatology, 2007, 45( 6): 1348- 1354. DOI: 10.1002/hep.21607.
[60]
PapastergiouV, TsochatzisEA, PieriG, et al. Nine scoring models for short-term mortality in alcoholic hepatitis: cross-validation in a biopsy-proven cohort[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 39( 7): 721- 732. DOI: 10.1111/apt.12654.
[61]
SaidA, WilliamsJ, HoldenJ, et al. Model for end stage liver disease score predicts mortality across a broad spectrum of liver disease[J]. J Hepatol, 2004, 40( 6): 897- 903. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.02.010.
[62]
SrikurejaW, KyuloNL, RunyonBA, et al. MELD score is a better prognostic model than Child-Turcotte-Pugh score or Discriminant Function score in patients with alcoholic hepatitis[J]. J Hepatol, 2005, 42( 5): 700- 706. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.12.022.
[63]
BarveA, KhanR, MarsanoL, et al. Treatment of alcoholic liver disease[J]. Ann Hepatol, 2008, 7( 1): 5- 15.
[64]
European Association for the Study Of Liver. EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease[J]. J Hepatol, 2012, 57( 2): 399- 420. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.004.
[65]
TilgH, DayCP. Management strategies in alcoholic liver disease[J]. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 4( 1): 24- 34. DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0683.
[66]
O'sheaRS, DasarathyS, McculloughAJ, et al. Alcoholic liver disease[J]. Hepatology, 2010, 51( 1): 307- 328. DOI: 10.1002/hep.23258.
[67]
DiCeccoSR, Francisco-ZillerN. Nutrition in alcoholic liver disease[J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2006, 21( 3): 245- 254. DOI: 10.1177/0115426506021003245.
[68]
McClainCJ, BarveSS, BarveA, et al. Alcoholic liver disease and malnutrition[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2011, 35( 5): 815- 820. DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01405.x.
[69]
StickelF, HoehnB, SchuppanD, et al. Review article: Nutritional therapy in alcoholic liver disease[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2003, 18( 4): 357- 373.
[70]
MathurinP, O'gradyJ, CarithersRL, et al. Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: meta-analysis of individual patient data[J]. Gut, 2011, 60( 2): 255- 260. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.224097.
[71]
ThurszMR, RichardsonP, AllisonM, et al. Prednisolone or pentoxifylline for alcoholic hepatitis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372( 17): 1619- 1628. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1412278.
[72]
GuerriniI, GentiliC, NelliG, et al. A follow up study on the efficacy of metadoxine in the treatment of alcohol dependence[J]. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy, 2006, 1: 35. DOI: 10.1186/1747-597X-1-35.
[73]
LeggioL, KennaGA, FerrulliA, et al. Preliminary findings on the use of metadoxine for the treatment of alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease[J]. Hum Psychopharmacol, 2011, 26( 8): 554- 559. DOI: 10.1002/hup.1244.
[74]
ShpilenyaLS, MuzychenkoAP, GasbarriniG, et al. Metadoxine in acute alcohol intoxication: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study[J]. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2002, 26( 3): 340- 346.
[75]
Higuera-de la TijeraF, Servín-CaamañoAI, Serralde-ZúñigaAE, et al. Metadoxine improves the three- and six-month survival rates in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21( 16): 4975- 4985. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i16.4975.
[76]
茅益民曾民德陆伦根, . 美他多辛治疗酒精性肝病的多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照的临床研究[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2009, 17( 3): 213- 216. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2009.03.013.
MaoYM, ZengMD, LuLG, et al. Capsule metadoxine in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2009, 17(3): 213-216. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2009.03.013.
[77]
MatoJM, CámaraJ, Fernández de PazJ, et al. S-adenosylmethionine in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial[J]. J Hepatol, 1999, 30( 6): 1081- 1089.
[78]
白冰何清唐尉, . S-腺苷蛋氨酸治疗酒精性肝病的系统评价[J]. 中国肝脏病杂志(电子版), 2012, 4( 2): 1- 9. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7380.2012.02.001.
BaiB, HeQ, TangW, et al. S-adenosyl methionine treatment for alcoholic liver disease: a systematic review[J]. Chinese Journal of Liver Diseases(Electronic Version), 2012, 4(2): 1-9. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7380.2012.02.001.
[79]
邢全台袁孟彪高新民. 思美泰治疗酒精性肝病疗效观察[J]. 胃肠病学和肝病学杂志, 2002, 11( 3): 239-240, 242. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2002.03.016.
XingQT, YuanMB, GaoXM. Observation of the effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on alcoholic liver disease[J]. Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2002, 11 (3): 239-240, 242. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2002.03.016.
[80]
MedinaJ, Moreno-OteroR. Pathophysiological basis for antioxidant therapy in chronic liver disease[J]. Drugs, 2005, 65( 17): 2445- 2461.
[81]
胡国平刘凯赵连三. 多烯磷脂酰胆碱(易善复)治疗酒精性肝病和脂肪肝的系统评价[J]. 肝脏, 2005, 10( 1): 5- 7. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2005.01.003.
HuGP, LiuK, ZhaoLS. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (Essentiale) for alcoholic/fatty liver: a systematic review[J]. Chin Hepatol, 2005, 10(1): 5-7. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2005.01.003.
[82]
方丽华张虹. 还原型谷胱甘肽联合利加隆治疗酒精性肝炎疗效观察[J]. 肝脏, 2004, 9( 3): 181- 182. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2004.03.013.
FangLH, ZhangH. The observation of glutathione combined with legalon in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis[J]. Chin Hepatol, 2004, 9(3): 181-182. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2004.03.013.
[83]
李丽军李卫. 还原型谷胱甘肽治疗酒精性肝病35例临床观察 [J]. 实用肝脏病杂志, 2007, 10 ( 5): 329- 330. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2007.05.018.
LiLJ, LiW. Clinical observation of 35 cases of alcoholic liver disease treated with glutathione[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2007, 10 (5): 329-330. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2007.05.018.
[84]
张全海郭树华胡大荣, . 国产还原型谷胱甘肽治疗酒精性肝病疗效观察[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2000, 8( 4): 239- 240. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1007-3418.2000.04.015.
ZhangQH, GuoSH, HuDR, et al. Effect of domestic glutathione on the alcoholic liver disease[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2000, 8(4): 239-240. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1007-3418.2000.04.015.
[85]
马安林郭新珍刘霞, . 双环醇与多烯磷脂酰胆碱治疗酒精性肝病的疗效比较[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2011, 19( 6): 471- 472. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2011.06.020.
MaAL, GuoXZ, LiuX, et al. Efficacy comparison between bicyclol and polyene phosphatidylcholine treatments for alcoholic liver disease[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2011, 19(6): 471-472. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2011.06.020.
[86]
马安林刘淑娥刘霞, . 双环醇与多烯磷脂酰胆碱治疗酒精性脂肪肝的临床病理比较[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2006, 22( 4): 272- 275. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2006.04.014.
MaAL, LiuSE, LiuXet al. Comparison of liver histology with alcoholic liver disease after treating with bicyclol and polyene phosphatidylcholine[J]. Chin J Clini Hepatol, 2006, 22(4): 272-275. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2006.04.014.
[87]
MathurinP, MorenoC, SamuelD, et al. Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2011, 365( 19): 1790- 1800. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1105703.
[88]
MurrayKF, CarithersRL; AASLD. AASLD practice guidelines: evaluation of the patient for liver transplantation[J]. Hepatology, 2005, 41( 6): 1407- 1432. DOI: 10.1002/hep.20704.
X
选择其他平台 >>
分享到