National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyChinese Research Committee of Pregnancy and Reproduction in Autoimmune Rheumatic DiseasesChinese Rheumatism Data CenterChinese Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treatment and Research Group
本指南的设计与制订遵循世界卫生组织2014年发布的《世界卫生组织指南制订手册》[6]及2021年中华医学会发布的《中国制订/修订临床诊疗指南的指导原则(2022版)》[7]。指南的撰写参考国际实践指南报告标准(reporting items for practice guidelines in healthcare,RIGHT)[8]。
6.证据检索:证据评价组针对最终纳入的临床问题,按照人群、干预、对照和结局(population,intervention,comparison and outcome,PICO)的原则对其进行解构,并根据解构的问题检索。检索的数据库包括MEDLINE、Cochrane Library、Web of science、中国生物医学文献、万方数据库和中国知网数据库,亦有英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所(NICE)、苏格兰校际指南网络(SIGN)、美国风湿病学会(ACR)、欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)和亚太风湿病学会联盟(APLAR)等官方网站,补充检索Google学术网站,从纳入文献的参考文献中手工补充相关文献。检索时间为建库至2021年10月。检索词主要包括SLE、妊娠、新生儿狼疮综合征(NLS)、疫苗等。
8. 证据的评价与分级:证据评价组运用系统评价偏倚风险评价工具(a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews,AMSTAR)[9]对纳入的系统评价及Meta分析进行偏倚风险评价;使用Cochrane偏倚风险评价工具(risk of bias,ROB)[10]对随机对照试验研究进行偏倚风险评价;使用诊断准确性研究的质量评价工具(quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies,QUADAS‐2)[11]对诊断准确性试验研究进行偏倚风险评价,使用纽卡斯尔‐渥太华量表(Newcastle‐Ottawa scale,NOS)[12]对观察性研究进行偏倚风险评价。评价过程由两人独立完成;若存在分歧,则共同讨论或咨询第三方解决。使用推荐意见分级的评估、制订及评价(grading of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE)方法[13]对证据体和推荐意见进行分级,见表1。
参考文献WangZ, LiM, WangY, et al. Long-term mortality and morbidity of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a single-center cohort study in China[J]. Lupus, 2018, 27(5): 864-869. DOI: 10.1177/0961203317751852.中华医学会风湿病学分会,国家皮肤与免疫疾病临床医学研究中心,中国系统性红斑狼疮研究协作组. 2020 中国系统性红斑狼疮诊疗指南[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2020, 59(3): 172-185. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2020.03.002.中国系统性红斑狼疮研究协作专家组,国家风湿病数据中心. 中国系统性红斑狼疮患者围产期管理建议[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2015, 95(14): 1056-1060. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2015.14.005.ClowseME, JamisonM, MyersE, et al. A national study of the complications of lupus in pregnancy[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2008, 199(2): 127 e1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.03.012.WuJ, MaJ, BaoC, et al. Pregnancy outcomes among Chinese women with and without systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study[J]. BMJ Open, 2018, 8(4): e020909. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020909.World Health Organization. WHO handbook for guideline development[M/OL]. 2nd ed.2014[2022-06-01]. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/145714.陈耀龙, 杨克虎, 王小钦, 等. 中国制订/修订临床诊疗指南的指导原则(2022版)[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2022, 102(10): 697-703. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20211228-02911.ChenY, YangK, MarušicA, et al. A reporting tool for practice guidelines in health care: the RIGHT statement[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2017, 166(2): 128-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2017.10.008.SheaBJ, GrimshawJM, WellsGA, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews[J]. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2007, 7(2):1-7. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-7-10.HigginsJP, AltmanDG, GøtzschePC, et al. The cochrane collaboration′s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials[J]. BMJ, 2011, 343: d5928. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d5928.WhitingPF, RutjesAW, WestwoodME, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2011, 155(8): 529-536. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009.WellsGA, SheaBJ, O′ConnellD, et al. The newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses[S/OL]. [2020-01-19]. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/nosgen.pdf.GuyattGH, OxmanAD, VistGE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations[J]. BMJ, 2008, 336(7650): 924-926.RajendranA, EudyAM, BalevicSJ, et al. The importance of pregnancy planning in lupus pregnancies[J]. Lupus, 2021, 30(5):741-751. DOI: 10.1177/0961203321989803.詹钟平, 詹雁峰, 杨颖, 等. 系统性红斑狼疮患者计划妊娠对母婴结局影响的临床研究[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2017, 97(35): 2757-2761. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.jssn.0376-2491.2017.35.010.BuyonJP, KimMY, GuerraMM, et al. predictors of pregnancy outcomes in patients with lupus: a cohort study[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 163(3): 153-163. DOI: 10.7326/M14-2235.GladmanDD, IbanezD, UrowitzMB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000[J]. J Rheumatol, 2002, 29(2): 288-291.GiambalvoS, GaraffoniC, SilvagniE, et al. Factors associated with fertility abnormalities in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2022, 21(4): 103038. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103038.OrquevauxP, MasseauA, Le GuernV, et al. In vitro fertilization in 37 women with systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid syndrome: a series of 97 procedures[J]. J Rheumatol, 2017, 44(5): 613-618. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160462.Ruiz-IrastorzaG, KhamashtaMA. Lupus and pregnancy: ten questions and some answers[J]. Lupus, 2008, 17(5): 416-420. DOI: 10.1177/0961203308090027.Davis-PoradaJ, KimMY, GuerraMM, et al. Low frequency of flares during pregnancy and post-partum in stable lupus patients[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2020, 22(1): 52. DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-2139-9.KimJW, JungJY, KimHA, et al. Lupus low disease activity state achievement is important for reducing adverse outcomes in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. J Rheumatol, 2021, 48(5): 707-716. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.200802.GladmanDD, TandonA, IbanezD, et al. The effect of lupus nephritis on pregnancy outcome and fetal and maternal complications[J]. J Rheumatol, 2010, 37(4): 754-758. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090872.Ignacchiti LacerdaM, Costa RodriguesB, Ramires de JesusG, et al. The association between active proliferative lupus nephritis during pregnancy and small for gestational age newborns[J]. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2021, 39(5): 1043-1048. DOI: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/xspect.LuoJ, ShiH, XuL, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a retrospective study[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(23): e20285. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020285.LiM, TianZ, QianJ, et al. Impact of pregnancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: case series and literature review[J]. Lupus Sci Med, 2022, 9(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000636.JonesDC, HayslettJP. Outcome of pregnancy in women with moderate or severe renal insufficiency[J]. N Engl J Med, 1996, 335(4): 226-232. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199607253350402.KingTE. Restrictive lung disease in pregnancy[J]. Clin Chest Med, 1992, 13(4): 607-622.AnthonyJ, SliwaK. Decompensated heart failure in pregnancy[J]. Card Fail Rev, 2016, 2(1): 20-26. DOI: 10.15420/cfr.2015:24:2.El MiedanyY, PalmerD. Rheumatology-led pregnancy clinic: enhancing the care of women with rheumatic diseases during pregnancy[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2020, 39(12): 3593-3601. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05173-6.HumRM, DavidT, LauYJ, et al. Pregnancy outcomes of a joint obstetric and rheumatology clinic in a tertiary centre: a 2-year retrospective study of 98 pregnancies[J]. Rheumatol Adv Pract, 2022, 6(1): rkac026. DOI: 10.1093/rap/rkac026.ChakravartyEF, NelsonL, KrishnanE. Obstetric hospitalizations in the United States for women with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2006, 54(3): 899-907. DOI: 10.1002/art.21663.SkorpenCG, LydersenS, GilboeIM, et al. Influence of disease activity and medications on offspring birth weight, pre-eclampsia and preterm birth in systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based study[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2018, 77(2): 264-269. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211641.中国系统性红斑狼疮研究协作专家组. 糖皮质激素在系统性红斑狼疮患者合理应用的专家共识[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2014, 53(6): 502-504. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2014.06.023.Park-WyllieL, MazzottaP, PastuszakA, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies[J]. Teratology, 2000, 62(6): 385-392. DOI: 10.1002/1096-9926(200012)62:6<385::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO,2-Z.CarmichaelSL, ShawGM, MaC, et al. Maternal corticosteroid use and orofacial clefts[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007, 197(6): 585 e1-7, discussion 683-4, e1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.05.046.Park-WyllieL, MazzottaP, PastuszakA, et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies[J]. Teratology, 2000, 62(6): 385-392. DOI: 10.1002/1096-9926(200012)62:6<385::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO,2-Z.LaskinCA, BombardierC, HannahME, et al. Prednisone and aspirin in women with autoantibodies and unexplained recurrent fetal loss[J]. N Engl J Med, 1997, 337(3): 148-153. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199707173370302.Diav-CitrinO, BlyakhmanS, ShechtmanS, et al. Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to hydroxychloroquine: a prospective comparative observational study[J]. Reprod Toxicol, 2013, 39: 58-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.04.005.郝冬林, 徐东, 刘晶, 等, 羟氯喹对系统性红斑狼疮妊娠患者疗效及安全性的前瞻性研究[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2014, 94(13): 981-982. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2014.13.007.EudyAM, Siega-RizAM, EngelSM, et al. Effect of pregnancy on disease flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2018, 77(6): 855-860. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212535.KlingerG, MoradY, WestallCA, et al. Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases[J]. Lancet, 2001, 358(9284): 813-814. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06004-4.OsadchyA, RatnapalanT, KorenG. Ocular toxicity in children exposed in utero to antimalarial drugs: review of the literature[J]. J Rheumatol, 2011, 38(12): 2504-2508. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.110686.ChambersCD, JohnsonDL, XuR, et al. Birth outcomes in women who have taken hydroxycholoroquine during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2022, 74(4): 711-724. DOI: 10.1002/art.42015.SaarikoskiS, SeppalaM. Immunosuppression during pregnancy: transmission of azathioprine and its metabolites from the mother to the fetus[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1973, 115(8): 1100-1106. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(73)90559-0.SaavedraMA, SanchezA, MoralesS, et al. Azathioprine during pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients is not associated with poor fetal outcome[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2015, 34(7): 1211-1216. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-2987-x.PazianaK, Del MonacoM, CardonickE, et al. Ciclosporin use during pregnancy[J]. Drug Saf, 2013, 36(5): 279-294. DOI: 10.1007/s40264-013-0034-x.WebsterP, WardleA, BramhamK, et al. Tacrolimus is an effective treatment for lupus nephritis in pregnancy[J]. Lupus, 2014, 23(11): 1192-1196. DOI: 10.1177/0961203314540353.Weber-SchoendorferC, ChambersC, WackerE, et al. Pregnancy outcome after methotrexate treatment for rheumatic disease prior to or during early pregnancy: a prospective multicenter cohort study[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2014, 66(5): 1101-1110. DOI: 10.1002/art.38368.SifontisNM, CosciaLA, ConstantinescuS, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients with exposure to mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus[J]. Transplantation, 2006, 82(12): 1698-1702. DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000252683.74584.29.EnnsGM, RoederE, ChanRT, et al. Apparent cyclophosphamide (cytoxan) embryopathy: a distinct phenotype?[J]. Am J Med Genet, 1999, 86(3): 237-241.CassinaM, JohnsonDL, RobinsonLK, et al. Pregnancy outcome in women exposed to leflunomide before or during pregnancy[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(7): 2085-2094. DOI: 10.1002/art.34419.ChambersCD, JohnsonDL, RobinsonLK, et al. Birth outcomes in women who have taken leflunomide during pregnancy[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2010, 62(5): 1494-1503. DOI: 10.1002/art.27358.BerardA, ZhaoJP, ShuiI, et al. Leflunomide use during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2018, 77(4): 500-509. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212078.MurthyRK, TheriaultRL, BarnettCM, et al. Outcomes of children exposed in utero to chemotherapy for breast cancer[J]. Breast Cancer Res, 2014, 16(6): 500. DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0500-0.Weber-SchoendorferC, HoeltzenbeinM, WackerE, et al. No evidence for an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome after paternal low-dose methotrexate: an observational cohort study[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2014, 53(4): 757-763. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket390.WinterRW, LarsenMD, MagnussenB, et al. Birth outcomes after preconception paternal exposure to methotrexate: a nationwide cohort study[J]. Reprod Toxicol, 2017, 74: 219-223. DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.10.004.MidtvedtK, BerganS, ReisaeterAV, et al. Exposure to mycophenolate and fatherhood[J]. Transplantation, 2017, 101(7): e214-e217. DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000001747.WalleniusM, LieE, DaltveitAK, et al. No excess risks in offspring with paternal preconception exposure to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2015, 67(1): 296-301. DOI: 10.1002/art.38919.PolitchJA, TuckerL, BowmanFP, et al. Concentrations and significance of cytokines and other immunologic factors in semen of healthy fertile men[J]. Hum Reprod, 2007, 22(11): 2928-2935. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem281.MouyisM, FlintJD, GilesIP. Safety of anti-rheumatic drugs in men trying to conceive: a systematic review and analysis of published evidence[J]. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2019, 48(5): 911-920. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.07.011.张文, 李懿莎, 刘冬舟, 等. 风湿性疾病患者围妊娠期药物使用规范[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2021, 60(11): 946-953. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20210527-00372.CarvalheirasG, VitaP, MartaS, et al. Pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus: review of clinical features and outcome of 51 pregnancies at a single institution[J]. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2010, 38(2-3): 302-306. DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8161-y.PetriM, HowardD, RepkeJ. Frequency of lupus flare in pregnancy. The Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center experience[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 1991, 34(12): 1538-1545.ClowseME. Lupus activity in pregnancy[J]. Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 2007, 33(2): 237-252. DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2007.01.002.PortaS, DanzaA, Arias SaavedraM, et al. Glucocorticoids in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ten questions and some issues[J]. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(9): 2709. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092709.ImbasciatiE, TincaniA, GregoriniG, et al. Pregnancy in women with pre-existing lupus nephritis: predictors of fetal and maternal outcome[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2009, 24(2): 519-525. DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn348.FlintJ, PanchalS, HurrellA, et al. BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding-Part Ⅱ: analgesics and other drugs used in rheumatology practice[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2016, 55(9): 1698-1702. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev405.JiangN, LiM, ZhangM, et al. Chinese SLE treatment and research group (CSTAR) registry: clinical significance of thrombocytopenia in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(11): e0225516. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225516.ChockY, MoulinetT, DufrostV, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thrombocytopenia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2019, 18(11): 102395. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102395.DongY, YuanF, DaiZ, et al. Preeclampsia in systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2020, 39(2): 319-325. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04823-8.NeunertC, TerrellDR, ArnoldDM, et al. American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for immune thrombocytopenia[J]. Blood Adv, 2019, 3(23): 3829-3866. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000966.ZhangX, ChenF, ChenX, et al. 2021 Chinese consensus on the diagnosis and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2022, 135(8): 887-889. DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002043.AfifyH, KongA, BernalJ, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy: challenges and solutions[J]. Integr Blood Press Control, 2022, 15: 33-41. DOI: 10.2147/IBPC.S242242.中国医师协会风湿免疫科医师分会自身抗体检测专业委员会, 国家风湿病数据中心, 国家皮肤与免疫疾病临床医学研究中心. 抗磷脂抗体检测的临床应用专家共识[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2019, 58(7): 496-500. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2019.07.003.杨晓曦, 孙伊多, 赵久良, 等. 非标准产科抗磷脂综合征患者的临床特征及妊娠转归[J]. 中华内科杂志, 2021, 60(9): 36-41. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20210506-00329.MakA, CheungMW, CheakAA, et al. Combination of heparin and aspirin is superior to aspirin alone in enhancing live births in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss and positive anti-phospholipid antibodies: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and meta-regression[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2010, 49(2): 281-288. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep373.GuerbyP, FillionA, O′ConnorS, et al. Heparin for preventing adverse obstetrical outcomes in pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome, a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod, 2021, 50(2): 101974. DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101974.HamulyakEN, ScheresLJ, MarijnenMC, et al. Aspirin or heparin or both for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent pregnancy loss[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020, 5: CD012852. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012852.pub2.RaiR, CohenH, DaveM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies)[J]. BMJ, 1997, 314(7076): 253-257. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.314.7076.253.BrucatoA, FrassiM, FranceschiniF, et al. Risk of congenital complete heart block in newborns of mothers with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis: a prospective study of 100 women[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2001, 44(8): 1832-1835. DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200108)44:8<1832::AID-ART320>3.0.CO,2-C.Brito-ZeronP, IzmirlyPM, Ramos-CasalsM, et al. The clinical spectrum of autoimmune congenital heart block[J]. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2015, 11(5): 301-312. DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.29.VanoniF, LavaSAG, FossaliEF, et al. Neonatal systemic lupus erythematosus syndrome: a comprehensive review[J]. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2017, 53(3): 469-476. DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8653-0.ZuppaAA, RiccardiR, FrezzaS, et al. Neonatal lupus: follow-up in infants with anti-SSA/Ro antibodies and review of the literature[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2017, 16(4): 427-432. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.02.010.MartinV, LeeLA, AskanaseAD, et al. Long-term followup of children with neonatal lupus and their unaffected siblings[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2002, 46(9): 2377-2383. DOI: 10.1002/art.10638.IzmirlyPM, HalushkaMK, RosenbergAZ, et al. Clinical and pathologic implications of extending the spectrum of maternal autoantibodies reactive with ribonucleoproteins associated with cutaneous and now cardiac neonatal lupus from SSA/Ro and SSB/La to U1RNP[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2017, 16(9): 980-983. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.07.013.PopescuMR, DuduA, JurcutC, et al. A broader perspective on anti-Ro antibodies and their fetal consequences—a case report and literature review[J]. Diagnostics, 2020, 10(7):478-504. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070478.IzmirlyPM, Costedoat-ChalumeauN, PisoniCN, et al. Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is associated with a reduced risk of recurrent anti-SSA/Ro-antibody-associated cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus[J]. Circulation, 2012, 126(1): 76-82. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.089268.IzmirlyP, KimM, FriedmanDM, et al. Hydroxychloroquine to prevent recurrent congenital heart block in fetuses of anti-SSA/Ro-positive mothers[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 76(3): 292-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.045.BrucatoA, TincaniA, FrediM, et al. Should we treat congenital heart block with fluorinated corticosteroids?[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2017, 16(11): 1115-1118. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.09.005.FriedmanDM, KimMY, CopelJA, et al. Prospective evaluation of fetuses with autoimmune-associated congenital heart block followed in the PR Interval and Dexamethasone Evaluation (PRIDE) Study[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2009, 103(8): 1102-1106. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.12.027.CiardulliA, D′AntonioF, Magro-MalossoER, et al. Maternal steroid therapy for fetuses with immune-mediated complete atrioventricular block: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2019, 32(11): 1884-1892. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1419182.GernaatSAM, SimardJF, WikstromAK, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus risk in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. J Rheumatol, 2022, 49(5): 465-469. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.210087.SimardJF, ChaichianY, RossidesM, et al. Preterm delivery phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancies[J]. Am J Perinatol, 2019, 36(9): 964-968. DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1675648.JohnsonMJ, PetriM, WitterFR, et al. Evaluation of preterm delivery in a systemic lupus erythematosus pregnancy clinic[J]. Obstet Gynecol, 1995, 86(3): 396-399. DOI: 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00186-U.SmythA, OliveiraGH, LahrBD, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2010, 5(11): 2060-2068. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.00240110.Cortes-HernandezJ, Ordi-RosJ, ParedesF, et al. Clinical predictors of fetal and maternal outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of 103 pregnancies[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2002, 41(6): 643-650. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/41.6.643.BundhunPK, SoogundMZ, HuangF. Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on maternal and fetal outcomes following pregnancy: a meta-analysis of studies published between years 2001-2016[J]. J Autoimmun, 2017, 79: 17-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.02.009.RamenghiLA, MartinelliA, De CarliA, et al. Cerebral maturation in IUGR and appropriate for gestational age preterm babies[J]. Reprod Sci, 2011, 18(5): 469-475. DOI: 10.1177/1933719110388847.NugentJL, WareingM, PalinV, et al. Chronic glucocorticoid exposure potentiates placental chorionic plate artery constriction: implications for aberrant fetoplacental vascular resistance in fetal growth restriction[J]. Endocrinology, 2013, 154(2): 876-887. DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1927.BuyonJP, KimMY, GuerraMM, et al. Predictors of pregnancy outcomes in patients with lupus: a cohort study[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 163(3): 153-163. DOI: 10.7326/M14-2235.SkorpenCG, LydersenS, GilboeIM, et al. Influence of disease activity and medications on offspring birth weight, pre-eclampsia and preterm birth in systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based study[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2018, 77(2): 264-269. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211641.AskieLM, DuleyL, Henderson-SmartDJ, et al. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data[J]. Lancet, 2007, 369(9575): 1791-1798. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60712-0.ErkanD, PatelS, NuzzoM, et al. Management of the controversial aspects of the antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies: a guide for clinicians and researchers[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2008, 47Suppl 3: iii23-27. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken181.BundhunPK, SoogundMZ, HuangF. Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on maternal and fetal outcomes following pregnancy: a meta-analysis of studies published between years 2001—2016[J]. J Autoimmun, 2017, 79: 17-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.02.009.Bender IgnacioRA, MadisonAT, MoshiriA, et al. A population-based study of perinatal infection risk in women with and without systemic lupus erythematosus and their Infants[J]. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 2018, 32(1): 81-89. DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12430.MoroniG, PonticelliC. Pregnancy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)[J]. Eur J Intern Med, 2016, 32: 7-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.04.005.ClowseME. Lupus activity in pregnancy[J]. Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 2007, 33(2): 237-252. DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2007.01.002.NahalSK, SelmiC, GershwinME. Safety issues and recommendations for successful pregnancy outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. J Autoimmun, 2018, 93: 16-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.07.016.EudyAM, JayasundaraM, HarounT, et al. Reasons for cesarean and medically indicated deliveries in pregnancies in women with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Lupus, 2018, 27(3): 351-356. DOI: 10.1177/0961203317720525.ClowseME, MagderLS, WitterF, et al. The impact of increased lupus activity on obstetric outcomes[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2005, 52(2): 514-521. DOI: 10.1002/art.20864.HartLA, SibaiBM. Seizures in pregnancy: epilepsy, eclampsia, and stroke[J]. Semin Perinatol, 2013, 37(4): 207-224. DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2013.04.001.HaiderB, von OertzenJ. Neurological disorders[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2013, 27(6): 867-875. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.007.CrovettoF, SomiglianaE, PegueroA, et al. Stroke during pregnancy and pre-eclampsia[J]. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 2013, 25(6): 425-432. DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000024.HanY, LeeJH, ChangJH, et al. Clinical features and outcomes in patients with pulmonary complications during pregnancy and peripartum[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2020, 33(7): 1191-1196. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1517313.MartinSR, EdwardsA. Pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy[J]. Obstet Gynecol, 2019, 134(5): 974-987. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003549.JhaN, JhaAK, MishraSK, et al. Pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2020, 253: 108-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.08.028.OlssonKM, ChannickR. Pregnancy in pulmonary arterial hypertension[J]. Eur Respir Rev, 2016, 25(142): 431-437. DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0079-2016.SmythA, OliveiraGH, LahrBD, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2010, 5(11): 2060-2068. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.00240110.BramhamK, SohMC, Nelson-PiercyC. Pregnancy and renal outcomes in lupus nephritis: an update and guide to management[J]. Lupus, 2012, 21(12): 1271-1283. DOI: 10.1177/0961203312456893.Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 713: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation[J]. Obstet Gynecol, 2017, 130(2): e102-e109. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002237.DanowskiTS, BonessiJV, SabehG, et al. Probabilities of pituitary-adrenal responsiveness after steroid therapy[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1964, 61: 11-26. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-61-1-11.AxelrodL. Perioperative management of patients treated with glucocorticoids[J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2003, 32(2): 367-383. DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00008-2.SalemM, TainshRE, BrombergJ, et al. Perioperative glucocorticoid coverage. A reassessment 42 years after emergence of a problem[J]. Ann Surg, 1994, 219(4): 416-425. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199404000-00013.Akkara VeetilBM, BongartzT. Perioperative care for patients with rheumatic diseases[J]. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2011, 8(1): 32-41. DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.171.DavisMK, SavitzDA, GraubardBI. Infant feeding and childhood cancer[J]. Lancet, 1988, 2(8607): 365-368. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92835-8.HansonLA, AhlstedtS, AnderssonB, et al. Protective factors in milk and the development of the immune system[J]. Pediatrics, 1985, 75(1Pt 2): 172-176.LadomenouF, MoschandreasJ, KafatosA, et al. Protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against infections during infancy: a prospective study[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2010, 95(12): 1004-1008. DOI: 10.1136/adc.2009.169912.HortaBL, Loret de MolaC, VictoraCG. Long-term consequences of breastfeeding on cholesterol, obesity, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2015, 104(467): 30-37. DOI: 10.1111/apa.13133.KatzFH, DuncanBR. Letter: entry of prednisone into human milk[J]. N Engl J Med, 1975, 293(22): 1154. DOI: 10.1056/nejm197511272932221.OstL, WettrellG, BjorkhemI, et al. Prednisolone excretion in human milk[J]. J Pediatr, 1985, 106(6): 1008-1011. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(85)80259-6.MottaM, TincaniA, FadenD, et al. Follow-up of infants exposed to hydroxychloroquine given to mothers during pregnancy and lactation[J]. J Perinatol, 2005, 25(2): 86-89. DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211208.MorettiME, VerjeeZ, ItoS, et al. Breast-feeding during maternal use of azathioprine[J]. Ann Pharmacother, 2006, 40(12): 2269-2272. DOI: 10.1345/aph.1H152.SauA, ClarkeS, BassJ, et al. Azathioprine and breastfeeding: is it safe?[J]. BJOG, 2007, 114(4): 498-501. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01232.x.NybergG, HaljamaeU, Frisenette-FichC, et al. Breast-feeding during treatment with cyclosporine[J]. Transplantation, 1998, 65(2): 253-255. DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199801270-00019.MorettiME, SgroM, JohnsonDW, et al. Cyclosporine excretion into breast milk[J]. Transplantation, 2003, 75(12): 2144-2146. DOI: 10.1097/01.TP.0000066352.86763.D0.HiramatsuY, YoshidaS, KotaniT, et al. Changes in the blood level, efficacy, and safety of tacrolimus in pregnancy and the lactation period in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Lupus, 2018, 27(14): 2245-2252. DOI: 10.1177/0961203318809178.BramhamK, ChusneyG, LeeJ, et al. Breastfeeding and tacrolimus: serial monitoring in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2013, 8(4): 563-567. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.06400612.DurodolaJI. Administration of cyclophosphamide during late pregnancy and early lactation: a case report[J]. J Natl Med Assoc, 1979, 71(2): 165-166.JohnsDG, RutherfordLD, LeightonPC, et al. Secretion of methotrexate into human milk[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1972, 112(7): 978-980. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90824-1.CimazR, SpenceDL, HornbergerL, et al. Incidence and spectrum of neonatal lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of infants born to mothers with anti-Ro autoantibodies[J]. J Pediatr, 2003, 142(6): 678-683. DOI: 10.1067/mpd.2003.233.LeeLA, SokolRJ, BuyonJP. Hepatobiliary disease in neonatal lupus: prevalence and clinical characteristics in cases enrolled in a national registry[J]. Pediatrics, 2002, 109(1): E11. DOI: 10.1542/peds.109.1.e11.EudyAM, Siega-RizAM, EngelSM, et al. Effect of pregnancy on disease flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2018, 77(6): 855-860. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212535.Davis-PoradaJ, KimMY, GuerraMM, et al. Low frequency of flares during pregnancy and post-partum in stable lupus patients[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2020, 22(1): 52. DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-2139-9.Ruiz-IrastorzaG, LimaF, AlvesJ, et al. Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium: a prospective study of 78 pregnancies[J]. Br J Rheumatol, 1996, 35(2): 133-138. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/35.2.133.Gotestam SkorpenC, LydersenS, GilboeIM, et al. Disease activity during pregnancy and the first year postpartum in women with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2017, 69(8): 1201-1208. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23102.TektonidouMG, AndreoliL, LimperM, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2019, 78(10): 1296-1304. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215213.LingJ, KorenG. Challenges in vaccinating infants born to mothers taking immunoglobulin biologicals during pregnancy[J]. Expert Rev Vaccines, 2016, 15(2): 239-256. DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1115351.上海市疾病预防控制中心, 杭州市疾病预防控制中心, 苏州市疾病预防控制中心, 等. 特殊健康状态儿童预防接种专家共识之十五——自身免疫性疾病与预防接种[J]. 中国实用儿科杂志, 2019, 34(3): 180-181.DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2019030605.IshikawaM, MoriT, YamamotoT. Neonatal lupus erythematosus exacerbated by vaccination[J]. J Dermatol, 2020, 47(12): 1450-1453. DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15588.