系统检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase和Web of Science等英文数据库,万方数据、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普、医脉通5个中文数据库,以及美国国立指南库、苏格兰校际指南网、英国国家卫生与保健研究所、物理治疗证据数据库等国外临床指南网站。采用研究对象、干预措施、对照、结局(population,intervention,comparison, outcome,PICO)原则解构临床问题并确定检索词。对各数据库的检索时间为建库至2023年12月1日。
将证据方法学质量高且内容切合本指南的文章纳入证据体,由2名指南工作组成员独立进行证据提取、翻译与总结。对不同来源的证据进行总结时,以证据质量高、新近发表的文献为准。过程中如有疑问,由组内讨论决定。使用牛津大学循证医学中心证据水平分级(简称"牛津分级")[27],以及推荐意见分级的评估、制订及评价(grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation,GRADE)方法(简称"GRADE分级")[28]进行证据总结及评价(详见表1、表2)。根据5个可能降低证据质量的因素(偏倚风险、不一致性、间接性、不精确、发表偏倚)和3个可能提高证据质量的因素(效应量大、剂量反应、可能的混杂因素),将每一个结局对应的证据进行质量分级。
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