Chinese Society of Digital Psychosomatic MedicineConsensus Panel on Digital Therapeutics for Insomnia
杨放如,中南大学湘雅医院心理卫生中心 国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心(湘雅医院),长沙 410008,Email:fryang2002@163.com王红星,首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科 国家神经疾病医学中心 国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心 北京市心身疾病会诊中心,北京 100053,Email:hxwang8888@126.com Yang Fangru, Department of Mental Health Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha 410008, China, Email: fryang2002@163.comWang Hongxing, Department of Neurology,Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing 100053, China, Email: hxwang8888@126.com
失眠症是以频繁而持续地入睡困难和(或)睡眠维持困难并导致睡眠感不满意为特征的睡眠障碍[1]。患者除伴有失眠症状的困扰外也可伴随家庭、社会、职业、学习或其他重要功能受损。失眠症状可独立存在,也可继发于或与常见躯体疾病[2, 3, 4]、精神疾病[5, 6]、物质滥用等共病。根据睡眠障碍国际分类第三版(international classification of sleep disorders-third edition,ICSD-3),失眠症可分为短期失眠症、慢性失眠症及其他失眠症[7]。根据国内外报道,失眠症在成人中的患病率为10%~15%[7]。失眠症的病程具有持续性特征,尤其短期失眠症患者在治疗处理不当时容易慢性化,30%~60%的患者在1~10年的随访中失眠症状反复发生或持续存在[8]。失眠症的危险因素包括年龄增加、女性、失眠症家族史、应激及负性生活事件、躯体疾病和精神障碍等[9]。失眠症严重危害人类健康,不仅增加罹患精神障碍的风险[10],还与躯体疾病的恶化有关[11]。此外,失眠症还会导致认知功能下降,日间工作效率降低等一系列问题。欧洲一项研究表明,失眠症导致的伤残调整寿命年在所有神经精神疾病中位列第9位[12]。但失眠症的就诊率很低,这不仅与人们对失眠症及其危害认识不足,且过度担忧药物的不良反应有关,也与医疗资源相对缺乏,许多患者难以获得规范化治疗有关。因此,寻找治疗失眠症的有效方法非常重要。
失眠症的主要治疗方式有药物治疗、非药物治疗和两者联合。药物治疗主要包括苯二氮䓬类、非苯二氮䓬类药物、有镇静作用的抗抑郁药、褪黑素和食欲素受体拮抗剂等。药物治疗起效快,短期内可缩短睡眠潜伏期、减少夜间觉醒次数、增加总睡眠时间和提升睡眠质量等[13, 14, 15],但目前尚无长期有效的证据。长期使用苯二氮䓬类药物会改变睡眠结构,导致患者耐受性和依赖性增加,并出现停药反跳、日间残留效应、认知功能损害以及运动不协调等不良反应[16]。失眠症的非药物治疗包括心理治疗和物理治疗。光照疗法、重复经颅磁刺激和电疗法等是常见的物理治疗方法[17],但物理治疗往往需要特定仪器来完成,无法实现远程治疗。失眠症的心理治疗包括认知行为治疗、生物反馈、正念冥想和催眠疗法等[16]。其中认知行为疗法(cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia,CBT-I)是失眠症的首选治疗方式,其有效性得到了100多项随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)的支持,并被美国国立卫生研究院、美国医师学会、美国睡眠医学会、英国精神药理学会、欧洲睡眠研究学会、中国睡眠研究会和中华医学会等多个学会推荐为失眠症的一线治疗方案[18, 19, 20]。但CBT-I对医疗资源、空间、时间以及患者的依从性有很高的要求,因此,CBT-I在临床实践中的应用往往受到医疗资源不足或患者依从性差等多种因素影响而无法被广泛推广。处方数字疗法(prescription digital therapeutics,PDTs)的出现将有可能改变这一局面。PDTs是处方化的数字疗法,它将传统的非药物治疗方法以数字化的形式呈现,可以克服目前制约CBT-I推广使用中所面临的上述困难。2020年3月,美国食品和药物管理局首次批准了一种用于治疗成人慢性失眠症的PDTs上市[21]。PDTs作为一种新型非药物治疗措施,为失眠症的治疗和康复提供了有效的补充手段。
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