Branch of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Medical AssociationCommittee of Liver Transplantation, Branch of Organ Transplant Physicians, Chinese Medical Doctor AssociationOrgan Transplantation Rehabilitation Professional Committee, Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine
王正昕,复旦大学附属华山医院普外科肝脏移植中心,复旦大学器官移植研究所,上海 200040,Email:wangzhengxin@huashan.org.cn;栗光明,首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院普外科肝移植中心,北京 100069,Email:liguangming@ccmu.edu.cn;杨家印,四川大学华西医院器官移植中心,成都 610044,Email:doctoryjy@scu.edu.cn Wang Zhengxin, Liver Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Organ Transplantation Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, Email: wangzhengxin@huashan.org.cn;Li Guangming, Liver Transplantation Center, Department of General Surgery, Affiliated You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, Email: liguangming@ccmu.edu.cn;Yang Jiayin, Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610044, Email: doctoryjy@scu.edu.cn.
原发性肝癌是我国发病率第5位、病死率第2位的恶性肿瘤,预后差,患者总体5年生存率约14%,严重危害人民的生命健康[1,2]。肝细胞癌占原发性肝癌的75%~85%(本共识中的"肝癌"仅指肝细胞癌)[1]。目前,外科根治性治疗仍然是肝癌最有效的治疗手段,包括肝切除和肝移植。巴塞罗那分期(BCLC)0期、A期和中国肝癌分期(CNLC)Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期的肝癌患者建议肝切除治疗,而合并肝硬化、肝功能不全和体能状态差的早期肝癌患者则建议肝移植手术治疗[1,3,4]。由于供肝的短缺和术后肿瘤复发转移的风险,肝癌肝移植有相对严格的手术指征。从1996年Mazzaferro教授提出的米兰标准,到对肿瘤负荷要求逐渐增大的美国加州大学旧金山分校(University of California San Francisco,UCSF)标准,以及Up-to-Seven标准、京都标准、杭州标准等,符合这些国际公认的标准的受者,其5年总体生存率均可达到70%以上[5]。
目前报道用于肝癌肝移植降期和桥接治疗的ICI主要包括程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1,PD-1)和程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)单抗、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4,CTLA-4)单抗。常用的药物有纳武利尤单抗、帕博利珠单抗、卡瑞丽珠单抗、阿替利珠单抗、信迪利单抗、特瑞普利单抗和伊匹木单抗等[16,17,18]。既往移植前降期和桥接治疗以纳武利尤单抗(100~240 mg/2周,1~34个周期)为主[12,17]。
多项免疫治疗联合靶向治疗在肝癌一线治疗中证明了其较好的抗肿瘤效果,也被2022年中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,CSCO)发布的《原发性肝癌诊疗指南》[20]列为一线治疗推荐,包括阿帕替尼联合卡瑞利珠单抗、仑伐替尼联合纳武利尤单抗或帕博利珠单抗等。
目前所有批准用于治疗肝癌的ICI的注册试验都排除了肝移植受者,因此受者肝移植后肝癌免疫治疗的绝大部分数据来自病例报道和病例系列研究。免疫检查点参与同种异体移植物存活所需的免疫耐受,因此,肝移植受者使用ICI可能诱发同种异体移植物的排斥反应,ICI的应用应作为"最后的选择"[39]。即尽管免疫疗法存在一些风险,但如果现有的治疗方案不能延长生存期,ICI可以作为挽救疗法。近期一项荟萃分析结果显示,纳入的31篇报道共52例接受ICI治疗的肝移植受者中,客观缓解率ORR为34.6%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)为44.2%,15例(28.8%)发生急性排斥反应,7例(13.4%)因移植物丢失而死亡[30]。
肝癌肝移植受者术后肿瘤复发转移ICI治疗疗效评估指标与肝癌转化治疗或术前降期治疗的疗效评估指标相近。ICI治疗肝癌临床试验中常用的指标包括肿瘤ORR、PFS、至肿瘤进展时间(time to progression,TTP)和OS等。这也是许多肝癌肝移植术后复发转移免疫治疗相关临床研究中都采用的疗效评价指标[47,48,49]。通常会在固定的治疗周期进行影像学检查和肿瘤标志物检测,影像科医师依据实体瘤的疗效评价标准(RECIST)和(或)改良的mRECIST评估肿瘤退缩、坏死或进展情况,计算ORR以反映治疗效果[50]。同时,临床上也结合肝细胞癌的常用肿瘤标志物(甲胎蛋白和异常凝血酶原PIVKA-Ⅱ)水平的变化进行评估。对于肝癌病灶的影像学监测分析,动态增强CT和MRI检查具有较高的临床适用性,其中MRI检查对于微小病灶的检出率更高,尤其是Gd EOB DTPA增强MRI检查为多发小病灶提供了更精准的评估方法[47,51]。因此,对于使用ICI治疗的肝癌患者,推荐优先使用动态增强MRI检查进行影像学评估。
外周血中的中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比值(neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio,NLR)能够很好地反映机体的炎症和免疫状态[67]。研究表明,术前NLR≥5的肝移植受者术后肝癌复发的风险明显增加[68]。Choi等[69]研究报道,194例接受纳武利尤单抗治疗的肝癌患者,与高NLR(≥3)相比,血液中低NLR(<3)与受者更长的mOS和PFS相关。Dharmapuri等[70]研究结果示:103例接受纳武利尤单抗治疗的肝癌患者,治疗前或治疗后血液中低NLR(均<5)的患者的mOS和PFS比高NLR(≥5)长。
肝移植后免疫抑制剂药物包括4类:类固醇、哺乳动物的雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)抑制剂(西罗莫司、依维莫司)、钙调神经蛋白抑制剂(calcineurin inhibitor,CNI)(他克莫司、环孢素A)和霉酚酸酯。由于不同的免疫抑制剂在细胞周期的不同阶段发挥作用,因此通常将其组合使用以获得最佳效果。理论上,免疫抑制治疗可能会减弱ICI的效果,但在临床实践中,一些肝移植受者同时接受ICI和免疫抑制治疗后,仍然显示出对免疫治疗的正面反应。Kumar等[28]报道了64例器官移植术后接受ICI治疗的受者,其中肾移植39例、肝移植19例、心脏移植5例、角膜移植1例;受者ICI的整体应答率为36%、疾病控制率为45%,与非移植人群相仿。在研究初期,部分单位为降低免疫抑制治疗对ICI疗效的影响,在启动ICI时将免疫抑制方案改为小剂量激素单药维持,结果12例受者中9例发生急性排斥反应。进一步研究表明,ICI治疗期间使用他克莫司单药治疗的受者排斥反应发生率为10%,并且他克莫司及以他克莫司为基础的联用方案并未影响肿瘤应答[28]。Xie等[71]的荟萃分析研究表明,在ICI治疗期间,接受不同免疫抑制方案治疗的受者排斥反应发生率亦不相同:接受类固醇治疗的受者的排斥反应发生率高于接受其他免疫抑制方案治疗的受者,接受CNI治疗的受者排斥反应的发生率较低,这与Abdel等[62]先前发表的研究结果一致。该研究显示,在接受ICI治疗的肝移植受者中,西罗莫司单药治疗的5例受者中3例出现移植物排斥反应,他克莫司单药治疗的9例受者中1例发生排斥反应,两药联合方案排斥发生率为40%,三药、四药联合方案排斥发生率均为0[6]。同时,从ICI治疗的缓解率来看,他克莫司单药为20%,西罗莫司单药为20%,两药联合为38%[71]。采用联合免疫抑制方案可能比单一药物治疗方案更有助于促进疾病应答[72]。
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