Branch of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Medical AssociationBranch of Kidney Transplantation, Association for the Promotion of International Exchange of Chinese Medical Care
张伟杰,华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院,武汉 430030,Email:wjzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn;薛武军,西安交通大学第一附属医院,西安 710061,Email:xwujun126@xjtu.edu.cn Zhang Weijie, Iustitnte of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Email: wjzhang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn;XueWujun, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Email: xwujun126@xjtu.edu.cn
ECD一词源于2002年Port等[1]的研究,通过分析美国器官共享联合网络(United Network for Organ Sharing,UNOS)数据库中29 068个移植肾数据后,发现年龄、高血压、死亡原因、血清肌酐值4种因素与移植肾失功显著相关。这个研究也描述了对照组供者特征(年龄10~39岁;无高血压;非脑血管意外死亡;终末期血清肌酐<1.5 g/L)。这一供者人群相对其他供者,移植肾有着最佳的3年存活率,称之为理想供者,这一概念后来也被美国器官获取和移植网络(Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network,OPTN)和UNOS采用。随着扩大标准供肾的逐渐增多,Ekser等[22]进一步对高危ECD做了界定,标准为年龄≥70岁或60~69岁伴有下列5项中的一项者(血清肌酐>1.5 g/L;肌酐清除率≤60 ml/min;高血压和/或糖尿病史;24 h尿蛋白>1 g;死因为中风)。
老年供肾可能具有更强的免疫原性,移植后排斥反应发生率更高,因而T淋巴细胞清除剂是ECD肾脏分配给相对年轻受者的首选诱导药物[97,98,99]。维持期免疫抑制方案大多采用低CNI暴露的方案,主要是以雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)抑制剂为基础,早期撤除CNI或CNI减剂量,以尽量减少CNI的肾毒性。对于老年受者该策略是安全有效的[100];但在DKT术后早期采用无CNI方案仍要慎重[101,102]。
在一项针对ECD肾移植的三期随机临床研究中,历经7年的随访,不论是高剂量还是低剂量贝拉西普(belatacept)相对于环孢素A均有显著优势,死亡、移植肾失功的风险明显更低,eGFR更高,供者特异性抗体(donor specific antibody,DSA)发生率更低,严重不良反应发生率近似[104]。
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