Infectious Diseases Physicians BranchChinese Medical Doctor Association
PREPARE-2023CN171
REPARE-2023CN171
赵英仁,西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院感染科,西安 710061,Email:zhaoyingren@mail.xjtu.edu.cn李兰娟,浙江大学医学院附属第一医院传染病重症诊治全国重点实验室,杭州 310003,Email:ljli@zju.edu.cn张文宏,复旦大学附属华山医院感染科,上海 200040,Email:zhangwenhong@fudan.edu.cn Zhao Yingren,Department of Infectious Diseases,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710061,China, Email: zhaoyingren@mail.xjtu.edu.cnLi Lanjuan,State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases,the First Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou 310003,China, Email: ljli@zju.edu.cnZhang Wenhong,Department of Infectious Diseases,Huashan Hospital,Fudan University,Shanghai 200040,China, Email: zhangwenhong@fudan.edu.cn
母婴传播是我国乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)的重要传播途径,围产期和婴儿时期感染HBV的慢性化率约为90%[1]。感染HBV的儿童继而成为水平传播的传染源,女性感染者生育期有可能通过母婴传播感染下一代,是家族聚集性HBV感染形成的主要原因[2]。聚集性HBV感染家族中,子代感染后肝硬化和肝细胞癌的发病年龄较无家族史者提前10年[2],具有肝癌家族史的慢性HBV感染者发生肝癌的风险升高32.9倍[3]。国家卫生健康委员会在《消除艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播行动计划(2022—2025年)》中明确提出至 2025年在国家层面消除HBV母婴传播。慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期抗病毒治疗,其所生新生儿接受乙型肝炎疫苗联合乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(hepatitis B immunoglobulin,HBIG)的基础免疫预防后,可使母婴传播率降至0.3%[4]。国内研究团队探索的HBV母婴传播全程防控跨学科跨社区临床管理体系可使母婴传播率进一步降至0.23%[5],为实现消除HBV母婴传播提供了重要的科学支撑。
《中国乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播防治指南(2024年版)》(以下简称本《指南》)旨在帮助感染科、肝病科、妇产科和妇幼保健等相关工作者,在管理慢性HBV感染孕妇及所生婴儿的过程中做出合理决策。需要特别指出的是,本《指南》并非强制性标准,不可能包括或解决HBV母婴传播防治中的所有问题。因此,在面对具体患者时,临床医师应考量患者病情及其意愿,基于最佳临床研究证据,根据专业知识、临床经验和可利用的医疗资源,制订合理的决策。本《指南》采用推荐分级的评估、制订及评价(Grades of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation,GRADE)分级系统,证据质量分为A、B、C和D四个级别,推荐意见分为强推荐(1)和弱推荐(2)两个级别(表1)。
推荐意见1:慢性HBV感染孕妇所生婴儿,若7~12月龄时静脉血乙型肝炎表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)和/或HBV DNA阳性,可诊断发生母婴传播所致的慢性HBV感染(1B);新生儿静脉血HBsAg和/或HBV DNA阳性不作为母婴传播的标准(1B)。
推荐依据:HBV母婴传播一般指孕妇的HBV进入子代体内,并造成慢性感染。慢性HBV感染孕妇所生新生儿的静脉血均可检测到乙型肝炎核心抗体,约20%可检测到低水平的HBV DNA、HBsAg和乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg),这其中90%婴儿至7月龄时HBsAg和 HBV DNA可转阴[7, 8]。因此,不建议对新生儿进行HBsAg和/或HBV DNA检测。
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