徐爱强,山东省疾病预防控制中心,济南 250014,Email:aqxuepi@163.com冯录召,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院群医学及公共卫生学院,北京 100730,Email:fengluzhao@cams.cn谢正德,国家儿童医学中心(北京)首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院,北京市儿科研究所,中国医学科学院儿童危重感染诊治创新单元,北京 100045,Email:xiezhengde@bch.com.cn Xu Aiqiang, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China, Email: aqxuepi@163.comFeng Luzhao, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China, Email: fengluzhao@cams.cnXie Zhengde, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute/Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University/National Center for Children's Health/Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Beijing 100045, China, Email: xiezhengde@bch.com.cn
目前,部分国家已发布了针对RSV长效单抗在婴幼儿中使用的被动免疫指导策略。为了更好地指导和规范我国RSV相关疾病的被动免疫预防工作,中华预防医学会联合流行病学、免疫规划、病毒学、儿科学、感染病学等领域的专家组成专门工作组,自2022年开始,多次组织相关研讨,分析国内外RSV感染的现状与趋势,跟踪国外针对RSV相关疾病免疫预防的研究进展,借鉴国外免疫预防的实施经验,探究我国今后一个时期内婴幼儿RSV被动免疫预防的策略。在参照国际上临床实践指南和专家共识撰写标准和流程的基础上,以问题为导向,整合了现有的证据和最新进展,形成了我国婴幼儿RSV被动免疫预防专家共识,旨在从技术上回答有关RSV相关疾病及其免疫预防特别是被动免疫预防的一些专业问题,以期为各级疾病预防控制和医疗机构、基层医疗机构专业人员的免疫预防实践提供参考。根据GRADE(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation)分级原则,本共识的证据等级分为高质量A(进一步研究不大可能改变对该评估结果的信心)、中等质量B(进一步研究有可能对该评估结果的信心产生重要影响)和低质量C(进一步研究很有可能影响该评估结果,且该评估结果很可能改变)3个级别;推荐强度分为强推荐1(充分考虑到证据的质量、接种的收益和不良反应,接种后产生好的效果,有较高的成本效益比)和弱推荐2(证据价值参差不齐,推荐意见存在不确定性,或推荐的意见可能会有较差的成本效益比等,更倾向于较低等级的推荐)2个级别。本专家共识并非强制性要求,且随着今后研究进展和新证据的出现将不断更新。
RSV长效单抗作为一种非疫苗类的预防用生物制品,各国在注册审批和使用管理等方面的政策存在差异,为其制定适合于当地实际情况的使用策略是许多国家亟待解决的公共卫生议题。对此大部分发达国家经历了一系列开放且审慎的探索过程。以美国为例,美国CDC首先总结了将RSV长效单抗纳入免疫策略需考虑和应具备的相关因素和条件,包括能够解决危害公众健康、引起沉重负担的传染病问题;预防接种单位可操作性(从接种方式、储运、接种次数等方面评估能够依照常规预防接种方式实施);国家免疫规划可负担的价格水平。在此基础上,对于无疫苗可用或需要在短时间内迅速为高风险婴幼儿人群提供高水平免疫保护的情况下,RSV长效单抗的价值则更为显著。针对将RSV长效单抗纳入儿童免疫规划的决议,美国免疫实践咨询委员会(Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices,ACIP)在该产品正式获得监管部门上市审批前约一年半成立了专门的RSV儿童免疫工作组,此后围绕RSV长效单抗被动免疫的必要性、安全性、有效性、可操作性及公共卫生价值等多个角度开展了系统性的论证,并最终形成将其纳入儿童免疫规划的循证决策。
目前,已批准上市的RSV长效单抗应用了YTE位点突变技术,即将IgG抗体Fc结构域中的3种氨基酸(M252Y、S254T和T256E)进行替换,在较低的pH值下增加了对新生儿Fc受体(neonatal fc receptor,FcRn)的亲和力,从而使抗体实现再循环。与无YTE的单抗相比,半衰期延长3~4倍,至(71.4±11.4)d;临床保护时效至少为5个月[62];保护性的免疫抗体水平可超过6个月[63, 64, 65]。西班牙儿科协会认为该RSV长效单抗的保护时长可能达11个月[66],基本上可覆盖我国大部分地区RSV流行季的时间范围。
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