胶质瘤是最常见的儿童中枢神经系统(CNS)肿瘤,其中高级别胶质瘤虽然相对较少,但却是儿童最常见的肿瘤相关死因。儿童高级别胶质瘤(pediatric high-grade glioma,PHGG)约占儿童所有颅内肿瘤的6%~15%[1],尽管采用手术、放疗和全身系统性治疗,5年生存率也仅为20%[1]。脊髓PHGG罕见,约占儿童脊髓肿瘤的7.5%,而儿童脊髓肿瘤仅占儿童CNS肿瘤的5%[2,3]。2021年世界卫生组织(WHO)CNS肿瘤分类中,PHGG不再区分3、4级肿瘤级别,统称为"儿童高级别"[1]。为了规范化指引PHGG的诊断和治疗,本指南将从PHGG的影像学检查和评估、病理学检查和诊断、外科手术、放疗以及系统性治疗原则几方面进行阐述和推荐,供从事儿童神经肿瘤诊疗的医务工作者参考。本指南根据推荐意见分级的评估、制订及评价(grading of recommendations assessment,development and evaluation,GRADE)方法(表1),结合文献证据质量等级、临床实际应用和专家观点,提出推荐意见。推荐意见由23名多学科专家予以评阅审定,其中循证医学证据尚不充分的内容需要在今后的临床试验中进一步验证和更新。
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